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Learning and memory > Problem 4 > Flashcards

Problem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical conditioning/

Pavlovian Conditioning

A

Refers to a form of learning in which one stimulus predicts an upcoming event

ex.: doorbell predicts the delivery of food

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2
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

US

A

Refers to a stimulus that evokes a response naturally

–> occur unconditionally without prior training

ex.: FOOD –> evokes hunger

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3
Q

Unconditioned response

UR

A

Refers to a natural response to the natural occurring stimulus (US)

–> occur unconditionally without prior training

ex.: food –> HUNGER

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4
Q

Conditioned stimulus

CS

A

Refers to a cue that is paired with an US and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)

ex.: BELL –> food

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5
Q

Conditioned response

CR

A

Refers to a trained response to a CS in anticipation of the US

ex.: SALIVATION –> in anticipation of food

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6
Q

Appetitive conditioning

A

Refers to conditioning in which the US is a POSITIVE event

–> learning to predict something that satisfies a desire or appetite

ex.: food, sex

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7
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Refers to conditioning in which the US is a NEGATIVE event

–> learning to avoid or minimize the consequence of an expected aversive event

ex.: shocks etc

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8
Q

Sexual conditioning in male Quails

Experiment

A

Male quails were conditioned to approach + remain near a light (CS) which was associated with access through a door to a sexually receptive female (US)

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9
Q

Odor Conditioning in flies

Experiment

A

Flies were first put in a container with an odor were they were shocked, then in a container with another odor where they weren’t shocked

–> they were then placed in a container with both odors to the left and to the right

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10
Q

Eyeblink conditioning

A

Presenting a tone which ultimately predicts an air puff to the eye.
This elicits an anticipatory defensive response by blinking the eyes before the arrival of the air puff

–> aversive conditioning

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11
Q

In which way is the eye blink being an UR different from being a CR ?

A

The learned CR takes place BEFORE the onset of the US, therefore protecting the eye from the air puff

–> the UR would take place AFTER the arrival of the US, as one wouldn’t be expecting the US

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12
Q

Conditioned compensatory responses

A

Refers to an automatic response that the body experiences + that is opposite of the effects of the drug to reach a state of HOMEOSTASIS

  • -> elicited by situational cues (CS)
  • -> partially mediate

a) tolerance
b) withdrawal distress
c) relapse

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13
Q

Tolerance

A

Refers to a decrease in reaction to a drug, so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Refers to the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair the stimulus with a reward/punishment

–> even though one might not respond to the CS, the learned response isn’t gone, just unexpressed

ex.: stop delivering food when bell is rung

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15
Q

What is evidence for the fact that the original CR isn’t lost during extinction ?

A
  1. If a long time passes before new testing, one will react with the old CR when presented with CS
  2. Previously extinguished CS is learned more rapidly than a novel CS
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16
Q

Compound conditioning

A

Refers to conditions when 2 cues occur simultaneously in a conditioning experiment, and therefore compete with each other

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17
Q

Overshadowing

A

Effect that occurs when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association, and is therefore more strongly conditioned due to

a) salience
b) temporal priority

–> assuming cues are both valuable in info

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18
Q

Blocking effect

A

Classical conditioning occurs only when a cue is both a useful + nonredundant predictor of the future

ex. : if I have Doris to predict the stock market correctly, I don’t need Hermann to do the same
- -> I will therefore ignore him, no learning

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19
Q

Which characteristics does a stimulus have to have in order to become associated with a US ?

A

a) reliable
b) useful
c) bonredundant

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20
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

States that changes in the CS-US associations on a trial are driven by the Prediction error

expects that CS-US association increases proportional to the degree that the US is surprising

–> the larger the error, the greater the learning

FORMULA:
Occurrence of US – Expectation of US based on CS

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21
Q

Prediction Error

A

Refers to the difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred

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22
Q

Error correction learning

A

Method in which the errors on each trial lead to small changes in performance that seek to reduce the error on the next trial

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23
Q

Associative weight

A

Refers to a value representing the strength of association between the cue/CS and the US

–> CSs in a compound experiment will compete for associative weight

=> “How good can I associate/ predict a US by the use of CS ?”

24
Q

Blocking in the Rescorla-Wagner model

A
  1. Repeated pairing of a tine with the air puff
  2. Presenting the tone + light with the air puff
    - -> blink in response due to output of tone

BUT: output of light remains 0.0 as tone already predict air puff perfectly, is therefore sufficient

  1. Presenting light alone will result in no blink response, due to no learning
25
Q

Contingency of the potential CS + US

Why is it important ?

A

Refers to the degree of correlation between CS + US

–> if US occurs just a s often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, little - no conditioning will occur

26
Q

Experimental chamber

A

Refers to the context/ background stimuli that are relatively constant on all trials

ex.: sound, smell, feelings

27
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Refers to a reduction on learning about a stimulus (CS) to which there has been prior exposure without any consequence

  • -> impaired learning following cue pre exposure
  • -> contradicts Rescorla-Wagner model

ex.: Bell without food being delivered

28
Q

US modulation theory

A

States that the manner in which the US is processed determines what stimuli become associated with the US

ex.: Rescorla-Wagner model

29
Q

CS modulation theory

A

States that the way ATTENTION to different CSs is modulated (increased/decreased) determines which of them become associated

–> paying attention to one stimulus diminishes our ability to attend to others

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Involved in coordinating motor activities + learning new motor skills

–> small lesions can permanently prevent the acquisition of new classically conditioned responses

31
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

Top-main region of the cerebellum that contains 3 layers

a) Molecular layer
b) Purkinje layer
c) Granule layer

  • -> connects to deep nuclei + vestibular nuclei
  • -> contains Purkinje cells
32
Q

Purkinje cell

A

Large, drop shaped, densely branched neurons that synapse on + inhibits

a) deep nuclei
b) vestibular neurons

  • -> located in cerebellar cortex
  • -> only cell that has axons leaving the cerebellar cortex
33
Q

Interpositus nucleus

A

One of the cerebellar deep nuclei

–> inhibits the inferior olivary nucleus

34
Q

CS input pathway

A
  1. Pontine nuclei
    - -> have subregions for each kind of sensor stimulation
  2. Mossy fibers, synapse on granule cells which branch in 2 directions

a) interpositus nucleus
b) cerebellar cortex to connect to purkinje cells

  1. Purkinje cells form an inhibitory synapse with interpositus nucleus
35
Q

US input pathway

A

Air puff travels to

  1. Inferior olive, which branch in 2 directions

a) Interpositus nucleus
b) cerebellar cortex by means of climbing fibers to connect with purkinje cells

  1. Purkinje cells form an inhibitory synapse with interpositus nucleus
36
Q

What confirms that the cerebellum is responsible for CRs ?

A

The lack of interpositus activity in the US alone trials

–> no CR = no interpositus activity

37
Q

Why do Purkinje cells decrease their firing in response to a CS ?

A

Because they have an inhibitory effect on the interpositus nucleus

38
Q

Homeostasis

A

Refers to the tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium/balance

39
Q

Situational Cue/stimuli

A

Act as CS associated with the drug (US)

–> related to withdrawal distress

ex.: place, people, etc.

40
Q

Why are a lot of long time drug addicts found dead due to overdose in settings like a hotel room ?

A

When in a novel setting, the body will not expect a drug influx, and therefore won’t use the compensatory mechanisms necessary to survive a drug doses this high

–> one is usually projected from overdose by the conditioned tolerance learned during the administration of lower doses in the same setting

41
Q

How can Classical conditioning aid to reduce medication ?

A

By first pairing the drug with a certain cue like odor or taste, then gradually only giving the cue

–> the presentation of the cue will still elicit the compensatory mechanisms to work

42
Q

Withdrawal distress

A

Compensatory mechanisms make themselves felt, when encountering a CS even with the absence of the drug

–> related to the occurrence of situational stimuli previously associated with drug administration

43
Q

How can the likelihood of relapse be reduced ?

A

Repeated presentation of the CSs without the drug or with less than the usual amount of the drug

= EXTINCTION

–> this way drug-associated stimuli (CS) are prevented form eliciting craving/withdrawal

44
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem ?

A

By 3 peduncles

  1. Superior peduncle
    - -> connects it to midbrain
  2. Middle peduncle
    - -> largest, connects to pons
  3. Inferior peduncle
    - -> medulla
45
Q

Cerebellar deep nuclei

A

Represent all of the output from the cerebellum

  • -> contain the interposed nuclei
  • -> located dorsal to cerebellar cortex
46
Q

Whch 2 types of axons enter the cerebellum ?

A
  1. Mossy fibers
  2. Climbing fibers

–> both have collateral branches that synapse on + excite the deep nuclei

BUT: have different effects + terminations on the cerebellar cortex

47
Q

Mossy fibers

A
  1. Arises from all cerebellar inputs except ION
  2. Releases glutamate (excitatory)
  3. Each synapses on a group of granule cells + excites them
  4. Granule cells in turn excite Purkinje cells
48
Q

Climbing fibers

A
  1. Arise from the Inferior olivary nucleus
  2. Releases Aspartate (excitatory)
  3. Synapse directly on the Purkinje cells + excite them
49
Q

Granule cells

A

Run toward molecular layer where they divide into a “T”

–> receive all of their input from mossy fibers

50
Q

Parallel fibers

A

Refer to the axonal extensions of granule cells, with each fiber making single synapses on hundreds of thousands of Purkinje cells

51
Q

Why is it critical for the correct amount of inhibition to arrive at the deep nuclei (Interpositus nucleus) ?

A

So that an appropriate output is produced, by inhibiting unwanted activity in the deep nuclei

ex.: when creating a sculpture, the unwanted parts of stone are removed to create a pattern

52
Q 
Expectancy change
(EC)
A

How reliably can the CS predict the US

FORMULA:
Prediction Error x Learning Rate

53
Q

Expectation of US

Formula ?

A

FORMULA:

Pre EC + New EC
(Cue1 + Cue2) –> when compound conditioning

54
Q

Mackintosh Model

A

People have limited capacity for info processing, therefore attention to one stimulus reduces the ability to pay attention to another

–> eventually the stimuli are ignored because they don’t reliably predict that anything bad/good is about to happen

=> explains latent inhibition

55
Q

What are the main regions of the Cerebellum ?

A
  1. Cerebellar cortex
  2. Deep nuclei
    - -> Nucleus Intepositus
  3. Brain stem
    - -> contains Pontine + Inferior Olivary Nucleus
56
Q

Why is there increased inhibition of the Inferior Olivary nucleus by the Interpositus nucleus ?

A

Because with learning, we don’t need the US anymore to evoke a response

57
Q

Primary + secondary memory trace

A

Primary
–> immediate connection to Interpositus nucleus

Secondary
–> connection to cerebellar cortex

Learning and memory (8 decks)

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