Problem 3 Synapse

Question 1

Presynaptic membrane

Answer 1

The membrane of a terminal button that lies next to the postsynaptic membrane through which the neurotransmitter is released

Question 2

Postsynaptic membrane

Answer 2

The cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse, the membrane of the cell that receives the message

Question 3

Microtubule

Answer 3

transport neuropeptides

Question 4

synaptic cleft

Answer 4

The space between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic membrane

Question 5

Synaptic vesicle

Answer 5

A small hollow beadlike structure found in terminal buttons, contains molecules of a neurotransmitter; number reaches from dozens to several hundreds (produced in the golgi apparatus and the soma)

Question 6

Release zone

Answer 6

: A region in the interior of the presynaptic membrane to which the vesicles attach an release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Question 7

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 7

A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site (lets Sodium into the cell and so depolarize the membrane)

Question 8

Metabotropic receptors

Answer 8

A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that open an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site

Question 9

Autoreceptor

Answer 9

A receptor molecule on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron (can be located at any part of the membrane)
tells the cell if there are enough neurotransmitter in the synapse cleft

Question 10

Amino Acid Neurotransmitter

Answer 10

o majority of fast-acting transmitters in the central nervous system
o glutamate, aspartate (excitatory in spinal cord), glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
-small

Question 11

Monoamineneurotransmitters

Answer 11

o Small molecule neurotransmitter

o Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine (catecholamines)

Question 12

Noradrenergic

Answer 12

neurons that release Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

Question 13

Adrenergic

Answer 13

neurons that release epinephrine

adrenaline

Question 14

Acetylcholine

Answer 14

Responsible for muscular junctions (automatic nervous system) (muscular memory)
small

Question 15

Soluble-gas neurotransmitters

Unconventional Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

 At some synapses, they transmit feedback signals from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron
 Regulate the activity of presynaptic neuron

Question 16

Endocannabinoids

Unconventional Neurotransmitter

Answer 16

Similar to THC

Inhibitory

Question 17

Neuropeptides

Answer 17

o Consist of 3-36 amino acids

o They are more produced by the soma and transported by the micro tubules

Question 18

Postsynaptic potential

Answer 18

Neurotransmitter are released after the AP in the postsynaptic cell, can vary in amplitude and spreads passively across the cell membrane

Question 19

Release of Neurotransmitter

Answer 19

Docking is when the vesicles bind with the presynaptic membrane and this happens when clusters of protein molecule attach to other clusters of protein molecules located in the presynaptic membrane

Question 20

Fusion of pores

Answer 20

When the Ca2+ binds with the clusters of molecules of the membrane and the vesicles it opens the fusion pore and releases the neurotransmitter

Question 21

General recycling

Answer 21

Vesicles push the membrane to the site where it starts to fold. These folds are used for the production of vesicles

Question 22

neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel

Answer 22

An ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor (permit the passage of certain ions through the postsynaptic membrane which changes the local membrane potential)

Question 23

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Answer 23

An excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button (sodium) increases the likelihood that AP fires

Question 24

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Answer 24

An inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button (K+) Some open chloride channels as well (serves to neutralize) decrease the likelihood that AP fires

Question 25

Reuptake

Answer 25

rapid removal of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button. When an action potential arrives, the terminal button releases a small amount of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft and then takes it back, giving the postsynaptic receptors only a brief exposure to the neurotransmitter

Question 26

Enzymatic deactivation

Answer 26

The destruction of Neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release – for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase

Question 27

Creation of Neurotransmitter

Answer 27

Neurotransmitter are synthesized from precursors under the influence of enzymes

Question 28

Leaking Neurotransmitter

Answer 28

getting destroyed by enzymes

Question 29

Agonist

Answer 29

drugs that facilitate the effects of particular neurotransmitter
o Bind to postsynaptic receptors and activate them
o Drug increases the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules by increasing the a mount of precursor
o Drug increases the number of neurotransmitter molecules by destroying degrading enzymes
o Increase the release of neurotransmitter from terminal buttons
o Drug binds to autoreceptors an block their inhibitory effect on neurotransmitter release
o binds to postsynaptic receptors an blocks their inhibitory effect on them of neurotransmitter moleucles
o Drug blocks the deactivation of neurotransmitter molecules by blocking degradation or reuptake

Question 30

Antagonists

Answer 30

drugs that inhibit the effects of particular neurotransmitter
o Blocks the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules e.g. by destroying synthesis enzymes
o Causes the neurotransmitter molecules to leak from the vesicles and by destroyed by degrading enzymes
o Blocks the release of the neurotransmitter molecules from terminal buttons
o Drug activates autoreceptors and inhibits neurotransmitter release
o Is a receptor blocker; it binds to the postsynaptic receptors and blocks the effect of the neurotransmitter

Question 31

Receptor blocker

Answer 31

bind to postsynaptic receptors and blocking them so other neurotransmitter cant bind anymore

Question 32

Inverse Agonist

Answer 32

Inactivates a neuron

Question 33

Glutamate

Answer 33

• Important role in learning and memory

* Excitatory

Question 34

GABA

Answer 34

• Regulates communication between brain cells

* Inhibitory

Question 35

Dopamine

Answer 35

• Voluntary movement, attention, learning, problem solving, associated with reward and reinforcement

Question 36

Norepinephrine

Answer 36

• Contributes to diverse behavioural and physiological processes, including mood, overall arousal, and sexual behaviour

Question 37

Serotonin

Answer 37

• Implicated in the control of sleep states, mood, sexual behaviour, anxiety and many other functions