Neurotransmitter and Hormones

Question 1

Amino acids

Answer 1

most common

Question 2

Glutamate

Answer 2

o Excitatory
o Memory neurotransmitter
o Regulates development and creation of new nerve pathways (learning)

Question 3

GABA

Answer 3

o Inhibitory

o Very common in the cortex neurons – it contributes to motor control, vision and cortical functions

Question 4

Glycine

Answer 4

inhibitory

Question 5

Monoamines

Answer 5

Attention, cognition, thinking, emotion

Question 6

Serotonin

Answer 6

o Inhibitory
o Mood neurotransmitter
o Contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness
o Plays role in the sleep cycle and digestive system regulation

Question 7

Histamine

Answer 7

o Excitatory

o Essential in wakefulness, REM, and learning and memory

Question 8

Dopamine

Answer 8

o Excitatory and inhibitory
o Pleasure neurotransmitter
o Primarily responsible for feelings of pleasure, but it is also involved in movement and motivation

Question 9

Epinephrine

Answer 9

o Excitatory
o Fight or fight neurotransmitter
o Primarily released by the adrenal gland
o It increase heart rate and blood flow, leading to physical boost and awareness

Question 10

Norepinephrine

Answer 10

o Mostly excitatory
o It contributes to diverse behavioural and physiological processes, including mood, overall arousal and sexual behaviour
o High in waking low in sleeping especially REM

Question 11

Adenosine

Answer 11

o Anterior hypothalamus
o Plays a role in initiation of sleep
o Fall of level in glycogen (when the body used a lot of it is fatigue) increases level of adenosine
o Inhibitory effect on neural activity, promotes activity of VLTO

Question 12

Orexin

Answer 12

o Lateral and posterior hypothalamus
o Projects to all regions of the brain mainly to arousal regions
o It has a system for sustaining wakefulness and increasing arousal in motivating conditions
o High rate during wakefulness low rate during slow wave sleep and REM

Question 13

Melatonin

Answer 13

o Hormone synthesised from neurotransmitter serotonin in the pineal gland
o Circulating levels of melatonin display circadian rhythms under control of the suprachiasmatic nuclei
 Light impacts retina, signal travels to SCN which is connected to the pineal gland
 During daytime melatonin secretion is inhibited by this system
 During night melatonin can be secreted

Question 14

Opioide peptide

Answer 14

perception of pain

this is why so many painkiller contain Opioide

Question 15

NPY (neuro peptide Y)

Answer 15

o Promotes eating weight gain (same way acts AgRP)

Question 16

CART

Answer 16

o Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding

Question 17

Leptin

Answer 17

o Produced in fat cells

o Signals current long term storage of fat, helps to regulate theses reserves

Question 18

Ghrelin

Answer 18

o By cells of the stomach

o Providing fasting signals, shows that the digestive system is empty

Question 19

PYY

Answer 19

o In cells of small intestine and colon
o Provides fast signal that food has been consumed
o Acts on hypothalamus for appetite control

Question 20

CCK

Answer 20

o Is injected after digestion of food high in protein or fat

o Supresses appetite by direct acting on vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

Question 21

Insulin

Answer 21

o Provides appetite controller with information about glucose

Question 22

Melanin concentrating Hormone

Answer 22

In a system of hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate

Question 23

Acetylcholine

Answer 23

o released by most neurons in the autonomic neuro system
o Released by motor neurons
o mostly excitatory
o activates muscle contraction in the body and also stimulates hormone secretion
o Involved in thought, learning and memory with the brain
o In CNS implicated in awakening, attention anger, aggression, sexuality and thirst