Problem 1 your point of view Flashcards
Medial
towards the middle
Lateral
towards the side
Ipsilateral
if tis on the same side of the body
Contralateral
if its on the opposite side of the body
superior
above
inferior
below
Anterior/rostra
referred to the head end
Posterior/caudal
referred to the tail end
Proximal
means near the centre
Dorsal
towards the back
Ventral
Towards the belly
Frontal/Coronal plane
divides the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) part
Sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left halves
Horizontal/Axial plane
divides the brain in an upper and lower part
Cerebral Cortesx
Also called Cortex. The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
responsible for higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language
and learning and memory formation
Neocortex
part of the mammalian brain which is involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language
Hippocampus
Forebrain structure of the temporal lobe. Plays the main role in learning and memory formation
Central fissure
the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Lateral fissure
the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
Longitudinal fissure
The large fissure that separates both hemispheres
Precental gyrus
the gyrus just rostral to the central fissure. primary motor area/cortex
Postcentral gyrus
Located caudal to the central fissure. mediates the sense of touch (strip of the parietal cortex)
Superior temporal gyrus
Large gyrus in the temporal lobe, ventral to the lateral fissure. Location of auditory cortex
Cingulate gyrus
A cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline, implicated in the direction of attention and many other cognitive functions
Frontal lobe
Are important for movement and high-level cognition
Parietal lobe
Large region of the cortex lying between the frontal lobe and occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere
Receives sensory information from the body and is participate in spatial cognition (räumliche wahrnehmung)
Occipital lobe
Large region of the cortex covering the back of each cerebral hemispheres
Receives and processes from the eyes, giving rise to the sense of vision
Temporal lobe
Large region of the brain lies below the frontal and parietal lobe and to the left of the occipital lobe
Auditive information is received and processed in the temporal lobe
Also associated with the sense of smell and aspects of learning and memory
Limbic system
A loose defined, widespread group of of brain nuclei that strength each other to form a network
Contains Amygdala, Mammillary body, Hippocampus, Fornix, Septal nuclei, Cingulate gyrus, Olfactory bulb, Pituitary Gland
Amygdala
: A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe. (has several subdivisions with diverse functions such as emotional regulation and odor perception)
Mammillary body
One pair of nuclei at the base of the brain
Septal nuclei
A collection of greymatter structures lying a bit above the Amygdala, implicated in the perception of reward in case of learning
Olfactory bulb
involved in the sense of smell
Pituitary Gland
Located ventral to the hypothalamus. Send of hormones
Stria terminalis
a fiber pathway that connects the amygdala to limbic structures near the base of the brain, especially the hypothalamus, participating in highly motivated behaviours such as sex and threat responses, as well as the integration of hormonal signals
Basal ganglia
Contains: caudate nucleus (has a long extension or tail), putamen, globus pallidus and the substania nigra (A brainstem structure in humans that strengths the basal ganglia)
Cerebral commissures
The cerebral hemispheres are directly connected by a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure, these hemisphere connecting tracts are called cerebral commissure
Corpus callosum
A C-shaped bundle which crosses the middle and enables communication between the two hemispheres
Thamalus
The brain region that surrounds the third ventricle. The Thalamus is a complex cluster of nuclei that acts as a switchbox, direction almost every information to the appropriate regions of the cortex, and receiving instructions back from the cortex to control with sensory information transmitted
Hypothamalus
Part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus. The Hypothalamus packed with nuclei which are responsible for many vital functions, such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex. Works as main interface for the hormonal system of the body
Tectum
features two bumps in each hemisphere with specific roles in sensory processing (lies between pons and thalamus
o Superior colliculi: More rostral bump. Have specific roles in visual processing
o Inferior colliculi: More caudal bumps are responsible for audio processing
Tegmentum
floor control of movement and sensory system
o Reticular formation: A distributed network of neurons collectively referred. It stretches from the midbrain down to the medulla, and is implicated in a variety of behaviours, including sleep and arousal, temperature regulation and motor control
o Cerebral aqueduct
o Periaqueductal gray
o Substantia nigra: delivers dopamine
o Red nucleus: communicates with motor neurons in the spinal cord, important component of the sensorimotor system
Reticular formation
A distributed network of neurons collectively referred. It stretches from the midbrain down to the medulla, and is implicated in a variety of behaviours, including sleep and arousal, temperature regulation and motor control
Pons
Part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla, helps to coordinate body functions such as breathing, respiratory circuits, motor control, posture and balance
cerebellum
A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons. Involved in the central regulation of movement (that require precise timing) but also participates in certain aspects of cognition, including learning)
Myelencephalon/medulla
The posterior part of the hindbrain continuous with the spinal cord. Automatic control of breathing of lungs, beating of heart, blood pressure and balance
Ventricles
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) provides a medium for the exchange of materials, including nutrients, between blood vessels and brain tissue. Also used for bump protection
lateral ventrical
located within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum. The volume of the lateral ventricles increases with age.
third ventrical
Situated in between the right and left thalamus
fourth nevtricle
It receives CSF from the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. From it, the fluid drains into two places: the central spinal canal and the subarachnoid cisterns
Brocas area
o located in the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe and in involved in muscles of speak →ability to speak
o characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.
o Producing speech, sounds
Wernickes Area
o Located in left temporal lobe
o If damaged: Wernicke’s Aphasia: individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words
o Understanding speech
Development of brain areas
• Very young:
o Neural tube: An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
• Few weeks later:
o The neural tube begins to show three separate swellings at the head end
• 50 days after conception:
o Has already developed a clear subdivision. in the front is the telencephalon which will become the cerebral hemispheres. The other part of the forebrain is the diencephalon which will become the regions called thalamus and the hypothalamus
o Behind the midbrain the hindbrain further develops into several principle structures: the metencephalon which will become the cerebellum, the pons and the medulla
