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Body and Behaviour > Problem 1 your point of view > Flashcards

Problem 1 your point of view Flashcards

1
Q

Medial

A

towards the middle

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2
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side

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3
Q

Ipsilateral

A

if tis on the same side of the body

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4
Q

Contralateral

A

if its on the opposite side of the body

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5
Q

superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

Anterior/rostra

A

referred to the head end

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8
Q

Posterior/caudal

A

referred to the tail end

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9
Q

Proximal

A

means near the centre

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10
Q

Dorsal

A

towards the back

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11
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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12
Q

Frontal/Coronal plane

A

divides the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) part

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body into right and left halves

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14
Q

Horizontal/Axial plane

A

divides the brain in an upper and lower part

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15
Q

Cerebral Cortesx

A

Also called Cortex. The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
responsible for higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language
and learning and memory formation

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16
Q

Neocortex

A

part of the mammalian brain which is involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

Forebrain structure of the temporal lobe. Plays the main role in learning and memory formation

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18
Q

Central fissure

A

the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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19
Q

Lateral fissure

A

the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

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20
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

The large fissure that separates both hemispheres

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21
Q

Precental gyrus

A

the gyrus just rostral to the central fissure. primary motor area/cortex

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22
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Located caudal to the central fissure. mediates the sense of touch (strip of the parietal cortex)

23
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

Large gyrus in the temporal lobe, ventral to the lateral fissure. Location of auditory cortex

24
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

A cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline, implicated in the direction of attention and many other cognitive functions

25
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Are important for movement and high-level cognition

26
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Large region of the cortex lying between the frontal lobe and occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere
 Receives sensory information from the body and is participate in spatial cognition (räumliche wahrnehmung)

27
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Large region of the cortex covering the back of each cerebral hemispheres
 Receives and processes from the eyes, giving rise to the sense of vision

28
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Large region of the brain lies below the frontal and parietal lobe and to the left of the occipital lobe
 Auditive information is received and processed in the temporal lobe
 Also associated with the sense of smell and aspects of learning and memory

29
Q

Limbic system

A

A loose defined, widespread group of of brain nuclei that strength each other to form a network
Contains Amygdala, Mammillary body, Hippocampus, Fornix, Septal nuclei, Cingulate gyrus, Olfactory bulb, Pituitary Gland

30
Q

Amygdala

A

: A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe. (has several subdivisions with diverse functions such as emotional regulation and odor perception)

31
Q

Mammillary body

A

One pair of nuclei at the base of the brain

32
Q

Septal nuclei

A

A collection of greymatter structures lying a bit above the Amygdala, implicated in the perception of reward in case of learning

33
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

involved in the sense of smell

34
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Located ventral to the hypothalamus. Send of hormones

35
Q

Stria terminalis

A

a fiber pathway that connects the amygdala to limbic structures near the base of the brain, especially the hypothalamus, participating in highly motivated behaviours such as sex and threat responses, as well as the integration of hormonal signals

36
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Contains: caudate nucleus (has a long extension or tail), putamen, globus pallidus and the substania nigra (A brainstem structure in humans that strengths the basal ganglia)

37
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

The cerebral hemispheres are directly connected by a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure, these hemisphere connecting tracts are called cerebral commissure

38
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A C-shaped bundle which crosses the middle and enables communication between the two hemispheres

39
Q

Thamalus

A

The brain region that surrounds the third ventricle. The Thalamus is a complex cluster of nuclei that acts as a switchbox, direction almost every information to the appropriate regions of the cortex, and receiving instructions back from the cortex to control with sensory information transmitted

40
Q

Hypothamalus

A

Part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus. The Hypothalamus packed with nuclei which are responsible for many vital functions, such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex. Works as main interface for the hormonal system of the body

41
Q

Tectum

A

features two bumps in each hemisphere with specific roles in sensory processing (lies between pons and thalamus
o Superior colliculi: More rostral bump. Have specific roles in visual processing
o Inferior colliculi: More caudal bumps are responsible for audio processing

42
Q

Tegmentum

A

floor control of movement and sensory system
o Reticular formation: A distributed network of neurons collectively referred. It stretches from the midbrain down to the medulla, and is implicated in a variety of behaviours, including sleep and arousal, temperature regulation and motor control
o Cerebral aqueduct
o Periaqueductal gray
o Substantia nigra: delivers dopamine
o Red nucleus: communicates with motor neurons in the spinal cord, important component of the sensorimotor system

43
Q

Reticular formation

A

A distributed network of neurons collectively referred. It stretches from the midbrain down to the medulla, and is implicated in a variety of behaviours, including sleep and arousal, temperature regulation and motor control

44
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla, helps to coordinate body functions such as breathing, respiratory circuits, motor control, posture and balance

45
Q

cerebellum

A

A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons. Involved in the central regulation of movement (that require precise timing) but also participates in certain aspects of cognition, including learning)

46
Q

Myelencephalon/medulla

A

The posterior part of the hindbrain continuous with the spinal cord. Automatic control of breathing of lungs, beating of heart, blood pressure and balance

47
Q

Ventricles

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) provides a medium for the exchange of materials, including nutrients, between blood vessels and brain tissue. Also used for bump protection

48
Q

lateral ventrical

A

located within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum. The volume of the lateral ventricles increases with age.

49
Q

third ventrical

A

Situated in between the right and left thalamus

50
Q

fourth nevtricle

A

It receives CSF from the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. From it, the fluid drains into two places: the central spinal canal and the subarachnoid cisterns

51
Q

Brocas area

A

o located in the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe and in involved in muscles of speak →ability to speak
o characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.
o Producing speech, sounds

52
Q

Wernickes Area

A

o Located in left temporal lobe
o If damaged: Wernicke’s Aphasia: individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words
o Understanding speech

53
Q

Development of brain areas

A

• Very young:
o Neural tube: An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
• Few weeks later:
o The neural tube begins to show three separate swellings at the head end
• 50 days after conception:
o Has already developed a clear subdivision. in the front is the telencephalon which will become the cerebral hemispheres. The other part of the forebrain is the diencephalon which will become the regions called thalamus and the hypothalamus
o Behind the midbrain the hindbrain further develops into several principle structures: the metencephalon which will become the cerebellum, the pons and the medulla

Body and Behaviour (11 decks)

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