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Body & Behaviour > Problem 2 > Flashcards

Problem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Division of a Neuron

A
  • Dendrite
  • Soma
  • Axon
  • Axon terminals
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2
Q

Dendrite

Input Zone

A

receives information from other neurons across synapses

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3
Q

Soma

Integration Zone

A

Combines / Integrates the received information

Contains cells nucleus

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4
Q

Axon

Conduction Zone

A

Carries the cells electrical signal (AP) away from soma

leads away from cell body

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5
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

multiple branches at end of axon

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6
Q

Axon Terminals

Output Zone

A

transmit neurons activity across synapses to other cells

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7
Q

Neuron

A

basic unit of the nervous system

  1. receives inputs from other cells
  2. integrates the inputs
  3. then distributes processed information to other neurons
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8
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

many dendrites, single axon

 --> most common
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9
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

single dendrite, single axon

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10
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

axon branches in two directions

one side has the dendrite, other has the collaterals and terminals

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11
Q

Motor Neuron

A

governs movement

part of CNS

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12
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

carry information from the periphery to other neurons

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

perform functions of the brain

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14
Q

Astrocyte

A

Type of glial cell

involved in formation of new synapses

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15
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Type of glial cell

Myelinates in CNS

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16
Q

Schwann Cell

A

Type of Glial cell

Myelinates in PNS

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17
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

small uninsulated patches of axonal membrane

18
Q

Microglial cell

A

removes debris / lesion from injured or dead cells

Type of glial cell

19
Q

Ion channel

A

tubelike pore that allows ions of a specific type to pass through the membrane

20
Q

Precondition of Resting Potential

A
  • 65mv
  • neuron contains a majority of anions (-) which cannot exit the cell
  • intra - and extracellular fluid are separated by cell membrane
  • intracellular –> more negatively charged ions
    (Anions- & K+)
    extracellular –> more postively charged ions (Na+ & Cl- ions)
  • neuron is studded with K+ Channels
21
Q

Process of Resting potential

A

At rest, membrane is much more permeable to Potassium (K+ Ions)

  1. K+ ions leave interior through K+ channels
    • -> build up of negative charges inside cell
  2. Concentration gradient pushes K+ ions out of extracellular f.
    + electrostatic pressure pulls K+ ions in the intracellular fluid
    • -> Equilibrium is reaches
  3. Further movement of potassium into the cell is matched by movement out of cell
22
Q

Maintenance of the Resting Potential

A
  • little but steady influx of Na+ through leakage current leads to decrease of negative potential
  • K+ ions leaving the cell leads to high loss of potassium

–> Sodium potassium pump pumps 3 Na+ out of call and 2 K+ into call ( always 1 cation (+) is pumped out of intracellular fluid.

23
Q

What is an Action Potential ?

A

Very brief, but large changes in a neurons polarization that arise at the axon hillock
–> it is then propagated at high speed along the axon

24
Q

Depolarization

A

I. Phase of an AP

Cell becomes depolarized to threshold levels

 - -> channels shape changes
 - -> voltage gated Na+ Channels open
 - -> Na+ ions are allowed through

Rapid change from -65mv to +40mv

25
Q

Repolarisation

A

II. Phase of an AP

  1. Axon membrane contains voltage - gated potassium channels (K+) which require more depolarization to open
    • -> open later than Na+ channels
  2. K+ channels (that are always open) + Voltage-gated K+ channels
    = High permeability for K+ ions
  3. Na+ permeability decrease at the same time
    • -> Na+ channels close
  4. High number of cations left cell
    => Membrane potential is negative again
26
Q

Sodium

A

Natrium (Na+)

27
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ions

Cl-

28
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

K+, Na+

29
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

III. Phase of an AP

  1. K+ channels close
    • -> number of K+ ions that left is so high that membrane potential is lower than resting potential
  2. Axonal membrane is refractory ( unresponsive ) to a second stimulus
30
Q

Absolute refractory phase

A

Threshold –> Repolarisation

  • Na+ channels are unresponsive
    • -> no amount of stimulus can induce a new AP
31
Q

Relative refractory phase

A

Hyperpolarisation

  • Right after the Absolute refractory phase
    • -> only a very strong stimulus can produce another AP
32
Q

Active transport

A

uses / requires energy (ATP)

33
Q

Passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy

34
Q

All or none property

A

Either an AP fires at full magnitude or not at all

35
Q

Axonal transport

A
  • Important substances needed at the axon terminals are loaded onto motor proteins
  • Proteins act between soma and terminals
36
Q

Anterograde transport

A

toward terminals

37
Q

Retrograde transport

A

towards cell body

38
Q

Glial Cell

A
  • surround neurons + provide support
39
Q

Why can’t an AP travel backwards ?

A
  • AP can only occur when the Na+ channels are open

- -> as they close as soon as the AP happens, it can’t travel backwards (refractory period)

40
Q

Axon hillock

A

thickening at soma - border crossing of soma and axon

 --> determines/decides whether the sum of EPSPs and IPSPs will lead to an AP

Body & Behaviour (9 decks)

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