probation services Flashcards
What are the 3 models of rehabilitation?
-Religious model
-Scientific/Medical model
-Social learning model
Describe the religious model
-Place of confinement where sinners can reflect on behaviour
-Saving souls who are ‘lost’
Describe the scientific/medical model
-Emergence of psy disciplines
-Correctling flaws in offenders
Describe the social learning model
-Behaviours viewed as learnt responses that can be unlearned
What did the Church of England Temperance Society (1876) do?
-Establish a missionary service in certain police courts
-Aim to reform sinners
What did the emergence of penal-welfare complex (Garland, 1985) do?
-Involving state in rehabilitating offenders
-Doesn’t involve saving their soul, but want them to become competent
What is the RNR model of rehabilitation?
-Targeted towards RISK
-Targeted towards NEED - criminogenic
-Targeted towards RESPONSIVITY
What is the current work that the probation service has to do?
-Provide advice to court (PSR’s)
-Supervise people on sentences/licenses
-Rehabilitation
-Protecting public
What are the 2 types of sentences?
-Community order - offence didn’t pass threshold test
-Suspended sentence - offence passed threshold test
Define what a community order is
-Can attach one or more conditions
-Up to 3 years
-Need to consider; purpose, risk of reoffending and ability to comply
What did the Crime and Court Act 2013 suggest?
-Community order must contain at least punitive element
What 4 things can be attached to a community order?
-Unpaid work
-Supervision
-Curfew
-Programmes
Describe the unpaid work
-Between 40-300 hrs
-Number of hrs set by court
-Completed in 8 hr shifts
-Work can vary depending on locality and the probation service e.g. removing graffiti, clearing litter
Describe the supervision
-Up to 3 yrs with probation officer
-Attend appointments
Describe the curfew
-Require someone to be at fixed address
-Between 2 hrs and 16 hrs during 24 hr period
-Electronic tagging
-Usually combined with other conditions
Describe the programmes
-Accredited schemes that offer activities to reduce reoffending
-E.g. Building Better Relationships
-These are based on RNR principles
Define what can occur if an individual breaches their sentence
-Court reviews level of compliance
-If high then less likely to be sent to prison
-Looks at overall attitude, engagement, length of time between the two
-Avoiding net-widening
What occurs during a suspended sentence?
-Prison sentence between 14 days and 2 yrs
-Suspend sentence so that they complete it in the community
-May have to do unpaid work, curfew etc.
-If they don’t comply they can receive custodial term and sentence for new offence
What are the 2 main forms of prisoner release?
-Automatic release
-Discretionary release
What is automatic release?
-Automatically released at halfway point for prisoners serving 4 years or less
-Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 - all prisoners receive at least 12 months post release supervision
What is discretionary release?
-Decision required around when they can be released
-Made by Parole
-Sentences that are 4+ years
-If released early then do their remaining length as supervision term
What are the probation reforms?
-Ministry of Justice 2013
-Transforming rehabilitation reforms were aimed to reduce offending
-Extending statutory rehabilitation to those who have a less than 12 month sentence
What happened in June 2014?
-Probation service dissolved
-Replaced by 2 tier system
1: National Probation Service (high risk)
2: 21 new Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs) (low and mid risk)
2013…
Transforming Rehabilitation Strategy
