Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Psychology > Pro-Social behavior > Flashcards

Pro-Social behavior Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Two theories on why people help

A

evolutionary psychology

social exchange theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

evolutionary psychology theory

A

the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kin selection

A
  • the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selecion
  • increase chances genes will be pased along by ensuring that genetic relatives have children
  • natural selection should favor altruistic acts directed toward genetic relative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of kin selection

A

you’d rather save kids that are related to you from a burning building rather than kids that you don’t know; even though they’re not your kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

example of evolutionary psychology : the perpetuation of the speices gets passed on to the offspring

A

if you’re mean your meannes gets passed on to your kids, if you don’t have kids it doesn’t get passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Social exchange theory

A

what we do stems from desire to minimize costs –in relationships with others, try to maximize the ration of social rewards to social costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience event and emotions the way that person experiences them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

example of empathy

A

we don’t look at homeless people because we don’t want to feel empathy and feel the need to help them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Empathy - Altruism Hypothesis

A

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons
- regardless of what we have to gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 underlying pro-social behavior

A

evolutionary psychology
social exchange theory
empathy-altruism hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do some people help more than other ?

A
  • individual difference
  • gender differences in Pro-social behavior
  • cultural differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

individual differences

A

altruistic personality - the qualities that cause an individual to help to others in a wide variety of situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gender differences in pro-social behavior

A
  • males are likely to help in chivalrous and heroic ways

- females are more likely to help in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gender differences in pro-social behavior

A
  • males are likely to help in chivalrous and heroic ways

- females are more likely to help in nurturing ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cultural Differences

A
  • Ingroup v. outgroup

- simpatia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In group v. out group

A

IG- any group you belong to

OG- two teams, one is your group the other is opposing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

you only help the out group is

A

when you get something out of it; help the out group of empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Simpatia

A

-prominent in Spanish-speaking countries
-refers to a range of social and emotional traits
friendly
polite
good-natured
pleasant
helpful toward others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mood

A

good mood= more likely to help people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Bystander Effect

A

ex: Kitty genovese’s murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

kitty genovese murder

A

killed in front of her appt. building, and then left and came back to finish her off. No one helped her. (some people said they did call the call the police )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bystander intervention decision tree components

A

-Notice the event
-interpret the event as an emergency
-assume responsibility
-know appropriate form of assistance
implement decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pluralistic ignorance ex.

A

fire-alarm goes off but no one make any moves toward door; panics or no one interprets as a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pluralistic ignorance ex.

A

fire-alarm goes off but no one make any moves toward door; panics or no one interprets as a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Communal relationships

A

-people’s primary concern is with the welfare of other person ( pay no attention to who is getting what)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

exchange relationships

A

concerns about equity– that what you put in to the relationships equals what you’d get out of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of communal relationships

A

your kids, you don’t pay attention to who gets what because you’re not getting it back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

example of exchange relationships

A

a friend you want your money back if you loan it to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do people get help?

A
  • Being aware of bystander effect
  • conducting more research in positive psych
  • increasing volunterism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Being aware of bystander effect

A

knowing there is a possibility that no one will help if i don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

conducting more research in positive psych

A

trying to give people incentives to help with positive psych rather than negative psych

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

increasing volunterism

A

if you give people an incentive to give back the community that will allow them to have more empathy make them want to help more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Definiton of aggression

A

behavior intended to harm or injure another person animal self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

aggression in men

A

men are physically agg than women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

aggression in women

A

more indirect aggressive than men (passive aggressive)

ex: getting all my friends to stop talking to one friend because she made me mad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggresion as a menas to some goal other than causing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ex of instrumental aggression

A

playing football; not mean spirited just trying to get the job done (not angry at the other team )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hostile aggression

A

aggression stemming form feeling of anger aimed at inflicting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

example of hostile aggression

A

catching wife cheating on you and shooting everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

example of hostile aggression

A

catching wife cheating on you and shooting everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the seville statement

A
  • warfare is a human phenomenon
  • war is not genetically programmed into us
  • evolution has favored cooperation and social functions (over aggression)
  • there is no “instinct for war”
  • Humans don’t have a violent brain
  • We are not destined to war; we are capable of peace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

evolutionary argument for what causes aggression (men)

A
  • men are more physically aggressive than females

- aggression is genetically programmed into men (testosterone differences may have a lot to do with it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

evolution argument for what causes aggression (women)

A

women tend to be smaller; so they are more likely to try to hurt you feeling instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cultural argument for aggression

A

aggression is an optional strategy

- capacity for aggression exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the expression of aggression have to do with

A

circumstances and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the expression of aggression have to do with

A

circumstances and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Cultural argument : social learning

A

we learn aggression and when to aggress by watching others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

example of social learning

A

if someone is talking mess to your dad how he responds is how you are learning to handle certain situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

correlational studies (social learning)

A

movie violence, TV violence video games violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

media violence

A
  • increase physiological arousal and excitement
  • triggers tendency imitate violent characters
  • primes aggressive ideas and expectation
  • priems our social scripts (agg is okay)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

bottom line about aggression

A

aggressive media increases aggression ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Theories of aggression

A

instinct theorists
drive theory
arousal theory (Zillman)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Instinct theories (Freud)

A

life and death instincts

  • we have a life and death instincts makes us aggressive
    (territoriality) q
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

instinct theories (Lorenz)

A

either for sex (who gets to mate with a female; or just marking their territory) as humans he said we can control our aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Drive theory (Miller Dollard) Frustration Aggression

A

Frustration causes aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Frustration aggression theory revised (Berkowitz)

A

aversive events cause negative effect which may cause aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Arousal theory (Zillman)

A

we transfer our arousal from one situation to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

example of arousal theory

A

have a bad day and yell at your roommate. the day made you mad not your roommate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

example of arousal theory

A

have a bad day and yell at your roommate. the day made you mad not your roommate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Factors that influence aggression

A 
Physiological factors ( the limbic, genetics) 
Chemicals inside and outside the body 
aversive effects 
models
hostile and non hostile humor
cues
gender
moderate/ high sexual arousal
rampage killers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Physiological– the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

hypothalamus

A

-hunger, thirst aggression can be part of the fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

hippocampus

A

the memory relay; the part of our brain attacked in rabies– then people get aggressive responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

amygdala

A

implicated in fear and aggressive responses

66
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

more aggressive people may have underdeveloped prefrontal cortexes

67
Q

Physiological factors (genetics)

A

aggressive personality

- you may have inherited a tendency to be aggressive but it may not develop

68
Q

chemicals inside the body

A

Neurotransmitters
sex hormones
pheromones

69
Q

neurotransmitters

A

some cause aggression

70
Q

sex hormones

A

testosterone: violent criminal had more testosterone than non violent criminals (goes for men and women)

71
Q

pheromones

A

when you introduce pheromones to the certain type of pheromones to the certain type of pheromones that increase aggression

72
Q

Chemicals outside the body

A

alcohol
THC
Steroids

73
Q

alcohol

A

in large amounts makes people more aggressive

74
Q

THC

A

low amounts increase aggression but high amounts you’re doing nothing

75
Q

steroids

A

increase aggression ‘roid- rage’ because it is synthetic testosterone

76
Q

aversive effects include

A 
provocation 
pain 
high temperature
high noise 
relative deprivation
77
Q

provocation

A

ex someone talks about yo mama (not a lot of gender differences, everyone gets aggressive)

78
Q

pain

A

increases aggression in humans and animals

79
Q

high temperature

A

makes people in crowds angry

80
Q

high temperature

A

makes people in crowds angry

81
Q

high noise

A

when your roommate is playing with loud music ( you may get aggressive)

82
Q

relative deprivation

A

my perception ( i think you’re getting ahead faster than me )

83
Q

models

A

when they’re more aggressive makes us more aggressive

84
Q

Non hostile humor

A

human at no one’s expense ( no aggression)

85
Q

hostile humor

A

humor at someone’s expense (can cause aggression)

86
Q

cues

A

ex: if you have the gun in the room you get more aggressive

87
Q

gender

A

men are more aggressive physically
women are more aggressive emotionally
men are slightly more aggressive overall

88
Q

Moderate/ high sexual arousal

A

this increases aggression

mild sexual arousal decreases aggression

89
Q

Rampage killders

A

usually always have a precipitating event
most are white males
(sometimes college degree, sometimes miliary exp)
(sometimes they are older)
(they rarely are into video games 6/100)

90
Q

Components in preventing and controlling aggression

A 
Punishment 
catharsis 
social learning 
incompatible responses
drugs
training in: communication and problem solving
91
Q

punishment

A

only works if (these things are rarely had)

  • follow immediately after aggressive act
  • is of sufficient strength to overcome original motives
  • high probability that aggression will be followed by punishment
92
Q

Catharsis

A

displace the aggression in some way other than being aggressive
it doesn’t work on average; physiological arousal goes up so does aggression

93
Q

ex of catharsis

A

you go for a run, punch something etc

94
Q

social learning

A

teach pro-social behavior or alternative wyas to act

95
Q

example of social learning to prevent aggression

A

in schools young kids have mediators to resolve conflicts

96
Q

example of social learning to prevent aggression

A

in schools young kids have mediators to resolve conflicts

97
Q

incompatible responses

A

empathy, non hostile mild sexual arousal when you feel any of these three things you can’t be aggressive impossible to feel both at the same time

98
Q

drugs

A

the military tried to find drugs that would take the aggression out of the enemies so they wouldn’t have to fight

99
Q

chemical castration

A

give male convicts or rapists making them take estrogen so its harder to perform

100
Q

training in communication and problem solving skills

A

absolutely works

101
Q

What do we do with our anger?

A
  • control anger by “actively enabling it to dissipate
  • venting vs self awareness
  • apologizing– defusing anger
102
Q

control anger by actively enabling it to dissapate

A

ex: counting to ten

103
Q

control anger by actively enabling it to dissapate

A

ex: counting to ten

104
Q

venting

A

if close friend or spouse makes you angry expressing anger may allow you to
–gain insight into yourself and dynamics of the relationships

105
Q

the best way to resolve conflict

A

it is best to reveal anger to the person who provoked you

–also it can be helpful to write down feeling in a journal

106
Q

defusing anger through an apology to reduce aggression

A

take responsibility
apologize
indicate it is unlikely to happen again
“oops my bad”

107
Q

Components of prejudice

A

Stereotype - cognitive-
prejudice- affective-
discrimination- behavioral-
oppression- societal or institutional-

108
Q

Stereotypes

A

beliefs about the personal attributes shared by a group of people

109
Q

the purpose of stereotypes

A

to simplify and organize people

110
Q

prejudice

A

evaluation of a person based on group membership

111
Q

ubiquitous

A

it is everywhere

112
Q

Prejudice is ubiquitous means

A

it affects us all; any group can be the target

113
Q

examples of aspects of identity that can cause you to be labeled and discriminated against

A
  • nationally
  • racial and ethnic identity
  • sexual orientation
  • religion
  • appearance
114
Q

examples of aspects of identity that can cause you to be labeled and discriminated against

A
  • nationally
  • racial and ethnic identity
  • sexual orientation
  • religion
  • appearance
115
Q

How is prejudice dangerous

A

it can escalate to extreme hatred, torture , murder, and even genocide
– targets of prejudice can also suffer in less dramatic ways

116
Q

a frequent consequence of prejudice

A

the dimunition of one’s self esteem

117
Q

Discrimination – behavioral

A

behavioral acceptance or rejection of someone based on group membership

118
Q

positive discrimination

A

“i treat you well because I like the group you belong to “

119
Q

negative discrimination

A

“i treat you badly because I like the group you belong to “

120
Q

micro-aggressions

A

slights, indignities and “put downs” directed at minorities and people with disabilities

121
Q

example of micro-aggressions

A

an attractive blonde female comes to the professor’s office and she did well on a math test; the teach says “Good for you!” because she totally though the woman wasn’t that smart

122
Q

When will prejudices be revealed

A

in ‘safe’ situations

123
Q

examples of safe situations

A

when you’re drunk or stoned or just lost your inhibitions

124
Q

activating implicit prejudices: observing actual behavior

A

if there are two men who need you to loan them money and they are the same in anything but one thing

125
Q

activating implicit prejudices: observing actual behavior

A

if there are two men who need you to loan them money and they are the same in anything but one thing

126
Q

oppression

can include-

A

societal or institutional discrimination

women, black, overweight

127
Q

Theories of prejudice

A

social learning
motivational theory
group conflict theory
realistic group conflict b. relative deprivation

128
Q

social learning theory of prejudice

A

copying other people

  • what’s going on in the media
  • what celebs are saying
  • what our parents are saying
129
Q

Motivational theory of prejudice

A

prejudice is displaced aggression

130
Q

example of motivational theory

A

when the economy tanked and you need someone to blame for what is all going wrong and a lot of times people go after powerless people
(what hitler did to the jews)

131
Q

group conflict theory of prejudice

A

prejudice can be traced to conflict between two groups (us v. them) (ingroup v. outrgoup)

132
Q

realistic group conflict

A

when two groups are in competition for scarce resources

133
Q

Example of realistic group conflict

A

colorado has a lot of the water. if colorado dams up the river and not share their water. Arizona and Cali are going to be prejudiced toward one another because their now in competition for the water

134
Q

robber’s cave experiment

A

there were two campls and they didn’t meet until the second week. both camps individually became a cohesive in group. so when they met they were able to play baseball together. WHile competing in baseball. There was a dispute and they hated each other

135
Q

will there always be prejudice

A

there is always going to be competition for resources so yes there will always be prejudice

136
Q

relative deprivation

A

discontent form the subjective feeling of being deprived more than some other person or group (which means you think you’re being deprived)

137
Q

cognitive processes that might lead to prejudice

A

social categorization
salience
self fulfilling
inflexible categories

138
Q

cognitive processes that might lead to prejudice

A

social categorization
salience
self fulfilling
inflexible categories

139
Q

how social categorization that might lead to prejudice

A

people divide the world the world into “us v. them”

140
Q

illusion of homogeneity

A

belief that “they”are more similar than they actually are

141
Q

examples of the illusion of homogeneity

A

all women are really emotional; men are really aggressive

142
Q

salience

A

prominent cues (you stick out)

143
Q

examples of salience

A

if you’re the only women in a bunch of men
(suddenly become aware that you’re the only one)
another ex. - salience

144
Q

examples of salience in the office

A

if you enter into a department and you are black wit a whole bunch of white people. everyone was around judging her and she has to prove herself way more than everyone else did. If she gets a grant she def got lucky if the older white male gets a grant he is awesome. Even if they both fail, she failed because she is terrible he failed because he caught a bad break.

145
Q

Self- fulfilling prophecy example

A

you say you want to become a psych major . you want to go to the advisinng office and you were told the secretary was awesome. You walk in to the secretary and she is normal and gives you the form.
–if you’re told the secretary is a bitch, you go in there tough and she is tough back
she will be what you expect her to be

146
Q

Effects of prejudice on the victim

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

stereotype threat

147
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy effects on the prejudice of the victim

A

if a society believes that a particular group is stupid, uneducatable it will act in accordance with beliefs

148
Q

Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim

A

educational resources will not be provided to that group
the consequence— the group will not attain adequate education
the result – the society’s original

149
Q

the consequence of Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim

A

the group will not attain adequate education

150
Q

the result Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim

A

the society’s original belief will be confirmed

151
Q

the result Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim

A

the society’s original belief will be confirmed

152
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy effects of prejudice on the victim

A

if we think they aren’t worht our time; then these kids don’t get into colleges ad then they don’t get good jobs and the government is like “good think we didn’t spend money on them”

153
Q

Stereotype threat

A

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

154
Q

example of stereotype threat

A

white males and asian males took a math test. whites did worse because asians are supposed to be better at math

155
Q

example of stereotype threat

A

white males and asian males took a math test. whites did worse because asians are supposed to be better at math

156
Q

how can the effects of the stereotype threat be reversed

A

simply understanding stereotype threat can improve

  • simply understanding stereotype threat can improve performance
  • reminding participants they were “selective northeastern liberal arts college” students eliminated the gender gap on spatial ability test
  • also when you tell people they can get smarter they believe in that and that reverses stereotype threat
157
Q

Reducing prejudice on the individual level

A

look for experiences that support your new attitude
behave in ways that support your new attitudes
(say things out loud and see how they sound)

158
Q

components of reducing prejudice on the group level

A

allport contact theory

contact theory revised

159
Q

allport contact theory

A

intergroup contact decreases hostility when contact meets 3 conditions

  • close contact
  • cooperative interdependence
  • contact must be of equal (perceived) status
160
Q

revised contact theory

A 
mutual interdependence
common goal 
equal status
friendly; informal setting
knowing multiple out group members 
social norms of equality
161
Q

jigsaw classroom example

A

they put a bunch of a type of kids in one group
the black kids, white kids, asian kids, disabled kids, then they took one kid form each group and made another group with them and they all had info to share with one another

Social Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions