Private Pilot Stage 3 Flashcards
Hypoxia
Lack of Oxygen
-Symptoms: Euphoria, Headache, Slower Reaction Time, Impaired Judgement
Types of Hypoxia
- Hypoxic: Lack of oxygen due to atmospheric conditions (High altitudes where air is thinner)
- Hypemic: Inability to carry oxygen in blood cells (Blood loss, CO poisoning, Anemia)
- Stagnant: Oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of blood (Pulling excessive G’s)
- Histotoxic: Inability for body to use the oxygen (Drugs, Alcohol)
Oxygen Requirements
- Required for crew when flying between 12,500ft and 14,000ft MSL for >30 Minutes
- Mandatory for Crew when flying above 14,000ft
- Mandatory for crew and all passengers, must be provided above 15,000ft
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
- Colorless/Odorless gas
- Important to detect symptoms of self, crew and passengers
- Symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Confusion, Vomiting, Incapacitation, Convulsions
Cause of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Cabin Heater
- Many piston aircraft heat the cabin by air flowing over the manifold
- Exhaust escaping through crack in manifold or seals allow exhaust fumes to mix with air and enter cabin
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Resolution
- Turn heater off
- Open windows
- Tell ATC you suspect CO poisoning (Declare emergency)
- Land as soon as possible
Hyperventilation
- Rapid Breathing/Abnormal volume of air breathed in and out of lungs
- Results in decrease of carbon dioxide(CO2) content in blood
Hyperventilation Causes
- Stress
- Panic
- Anxiety
Hyperventilation Symptoms
- Lightheadedness
- Nausea
- Suffocation
- Tingling in fingers and toes
- Rapid pulse and breathing rate
Hyperventilation Resolution
- Talking loudly
- Singing
- Controlled breathing into a bag
- Remove cause of stress/anxiety
Sinus Block
-Sinuses are most often affected by pressure changes
Air Pressure in sinuses equalize through small openings in the nasal passages during altitude changes.
-Differences in pressure from sinuses eventually plug the openings
-Sinus block most often occur in descents
Altitude Decompression Sickness
- Pilots or passengers who intent to fly after SCUBA diving should allow enough time to rid themselves of excess nitrogen build up.
- Recommended waiting times:
- -Uncontrolled Ascent 12 hrs: flights up to 8,000ft MSL
- -Uncontrolled Ascent 24 hrs: flights above 8,000ft MSL
- -Controlled Ascent 24 hrs: flights any altitude
Hazardous Attitudes
- Anti-Authority: Dont Tell Me
- Impulsivity: Do something quickly
- Invulnerability: It wont happen to me
- Macho: I can do it
- Resignation: What is the use?
Hazardous Attitude Antidotes
- Anti-Authority: Follow the rules, they are usually right
- Impulsivity: Not so fast, think first
- Invulnerability: It could happen to me
- Macho: Taking chances is foolish
- Resignation: Im not helpless, I can make a difference
Night Time
- Lights Required: Sunset to Sunrise
- Logging Time: Civil Twilight(30 minutes after/before sunrise
- Currency: 3 Takeoffs/Landings to a full stop 1 hour after sunset/before sunrise
Left Turning Tendencies
- Torque
- Spiraling Slipstream
- Gyroscopic Precession
- P-Factor
Left Turning Tendencies: Torque
- Force that causes and opposite reaction
- Propeller spins clockwise, airplane want to spin counterclockwise
Left Turning Tendencies: Spiraling Slipstream
-Prop creates spiral of air that rotates around fuselage and hits the left side of the tail, causing aircraft to Yaw Left
Left Turning Tendencies: Gyroscopic Precession
-A force applied is manifested 90 degrees ahead of the direction of rotation
Left Turning Tendencies: P-Factor
- In straight and level flight, both blades of prop have equal AoA
- When in Climb, Descent, on blade has higher AoA than other, creating more lift to one side, thus yawing to that side
- The Blade on the down moving side has a larger angle of attack, causing it to produce more thrust than the up moving side
ATOMATOFLAMES
- Airspeed Indicator
- Tachometer
- Oil Pressure Gauge
- Manifold Pressure Gauge
- Altimeter
- Temperature Gauge
- Oil Temperature Gauge
- Fuel Level Gauge
- Landing Gear Position Indicator
- Anti-Collision Lights
- Magnetic Compass
- Emergency Location Transmitter
- Seat Belts
Types of Fog
- Radiation
- Advection
- Upslope
- Precipitation
- Steam Fog
Radiation Fog
- Clear Skies
- Low Winds
- Small Temp/Dewpoint Spread
- Surface cooled by radiation, adjacent air cooled to its dewpoint
Advection Fog
- Warm Moist Air Condensing as it moves across a cool surface
- Along Coastlines
Upslope Fog
-Warm moist air condensing as forced upslope terrain
Precipitation Fog
-Warm rain falls through cool air
Steam Fog
- During winter when cold, dry air passes from land to warmer ocean air
- (Sea Smoke)
Types Of Clouds
- Cirrus: Wispy
- Stratus: Low Fluffy Clouds, Less Poufy
- Cumulus: High Dense Clouds
- Nimbus: Rain Clouds
Higher Density Altitude Causes
- Increase in True Altitude
- Decrease In Pressure (in.Hg)
- Increase in Temperature
Lower Density Altitude Causes
- Decrease in True Altitude
- Increase in Pressure (in.Hg)
- Decrease in Temperature
Reduced Aircraft Performance Caused by Density Altitude
- Hotter Temp
- Low Pressure System
- High Humidity
- Higher Altitude
Increased Aircraft Performance Due To Density Altitude
- Low Temp
- High Pressure System
- Low Humidity
- Lower Altitude
