Private Pilot Stage 2 Flashcards
Hot Spot
-Area where runway incursion is likely to occur
Airspace Requirements for Entry
- Alpha: IFR Rated, and 18000ft MSL
- Brave: Cleared In, ADS-B, Mode C Transponder(top is usually up to 10,000ft MSL, 30nm mode C Veil
- Charlie: 2 way comms, ADS-B, Mode C Transponder, Tops 4,000ft AGL, 5nm inner ring, 10nm Outer ring
- Delta: 2 way comms, Tops 2,500 AGL, 5sm ring(4.4nm)
- Echo: Start 1,200ft AGL to 18,000ft MSL, within vignette 700ft AGL to 18,000ft MSL
- Golf: Below 1,200ft AGL, within vignette below 700ft AGL
TRSA
Terminal Radar Service Area
- Acts like hybrid between Charlie and Delta
- Voluntary Radar Service Provided
- Has Approach Control
- Actual Airport is Delta
Airspace Cloud Clearances
-Bravo: 3sm, Clear of Clouds
-Charlie/Delta: 3sm, 1000ft Above, 500ft Below, 2000ft Horizontally(3-152)
-Echo:
-Below 10,000ft MSL: 3sm, 1000ft Above, 500ft
Below, 2000ft Horizontally(3-152)
-Above 10,000ft MSL: 5sm, 1000ft Above, 1000ft
Below, 1 mile horizontally(5-111)
-Golf:
-Below 1200ft AGL:
-Day: 1sm, Clear of clouds
-Night: 3sm, 1000ft Above, 500ft Below, 2000ft
Horizontally(3-152)
-Above 1200ft AGL:
-Day: 1sm, 1000ft Above, 500ft Below, 2000ft
Horizontally(1-152)
-Night: 3sm, 1000ft Above, 500ft Below, 2000ft
Horizontally(3-152)
Nonstandard Airspace
MCPRWANS
- Military Operations Area
- Controlled Firing Area
- Prohibited
- Restricted
- Alert
- Warning Area
- National Security Area
- Special Flight Rules Area
Special Use Airspace (SUA)
Airspace where activities are confined to the nature of the airspace, or where limits are imposed on aircraft that are not part of those special activities
Military Operations Area
- Separates IFR traffic from military activity
- Freedom to fly through
Controlled Firing Area
- Similar to MoA and not Depicted on Sectional
- Uses spotters to advise cease fires
- Freedom to fly through
Prohibited
-Not allowed to fly through
Restricted
-Includes Temporary Flight Restriction(TFR)
-Airspace is temporarily closed to general public, see
NOTAMS
-Reasons Include to protect general public or security
areas such as football games, president in town, etc.
-Need Permission to enter
Alert
-Area where increased situational awareness is needed
Example: High amount of flight training occurs
-Free to Fly through
Warning Area
- Can be hazardous to non-participating aircraft
- usually over international waters
- free to fly through
National Security Area
-Asked to Voluntarily avoid this area for security reasons
Special Flight Rules Area(SFRA)
-Requires special training in order to operate within
Examples: Washington, DC and Grand Canyon
VFR Altitudes
- Must comply above 3000ft AGL
- East is odd 1000s plus 500ft (3500, 5500, 7500)
- West is even 1000s plus 500ft (4500, 6500, 8500)
Pilotage
-Knowing where you are by reading a map and using visual checkpoints
Dead Reckoning
-Knowing where you are by using time, groundspeed and distance
Dewpoint
- Temperature at which air becomes fully saturated
- When temp/dewpoint spread low expect fog and low clouds
TAF
- Valid for 24 hrs, updated every 6
- Only Accepted within 5sm of Airport
- If no TAF, use Graphical Forecast Area
Graphical Forecast Area (GFA)
- Available on Aviationweather.gov
- Use when airport does not have a TAF
- Can see cloud coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc.
LIFR
Low Instrument Flight Rules: -Color: Magenta -Ceiling: below 500ft AGL and/or -Visibility: less than 1 mile
IFR
Instrument Flight Rules: -Color: Red -Ceiling: 500 to below 1000ft AGL and/or -Visibility: 1 miles to less than 3 miles
MVFR
Marginal Visual Flight Rules: -Color: Blue -Ceiling: 1000ft to 3000ft AGL and/or -Visibility: 3 to 5 miles
VFR
Visual Flight Rules: -Color: Green -Ceiling: Greater than 3000ft AGL and -Visibility: Greater than 5 Miles
Airport Beacon
-Indicated IFR weather during daytime, or nighttime
Winds Aloft
- Forecast wind speed and direction and various altitudes
- Absence of winds
- —Airport elevation within 1500ft of listed altitude - Absence of temp
- —Airport elevation within 2500ft of listed altitude - Temps assumed negative above 24,000ft MSL
High Pressure Systems
- Moves clockwise, outwards, and downwards
- Poor Visibility
- Brings higher pressure/density
Low Pressure Systems
- Moves counterclockwise, inwards, and upwards(think tornados)
- Good Visibility
- Includes precipitation bc of higher humidity
- Lower pressure/density
Warm Front
- Slow Moving, so change is gradual
- Stratiform Clouds
- Poor Visibility bc air is stable and calm
- Steady Precipitation
Cold Front
- Cumulus Clouds
- Possible Thunderstorms
- Showery Precipitation
Stationary Front
- When cold and warm front meet and stop movement
- lingers for a long time
Occluded Front
- When one front catches up to another front moving in the same direction
- usually cold front catches up to warm front
Surface Analysis Chart: Isobars
- When closer together expect higher winds
- Pressure measured in milibars
AIRMET
Airmen’s Meteorological Information
- Valid for 6hrs
- Expected weather phenomena likely to occur enroute
- Tango: Turbulence, Winds greater than 30kts, low level wind shear
- Sierra: IFR conditions, mountain obscurations
- Zulu: Freezing
- Cannot fly in known icing
- Types of Ice
- Clear
- Rime
- Mixed
SIGMET
Significant meteorological information
- Valid for 4hrs
- Stronger weather phenomena that will affect safety of all aircraft
- Severe or greater turbulence
- Dust or sandstorms, Volcanic Ash
- Severe or greater icing
Convective SIGMET
SIGMET related to convective activity
- Valid for 2hrs
- Thunderstorms
- Winds greater than 50kts
- Hail 3/4in diameter or greater
- Tornadoes
Thunderstorm: Ingredients
-Moisture
-Uplifting action
-Unstable air
-Normal temp decreases 2 Celsius per 1000ft,
unstable is 3 Celsius per 1000ft
Thunderstorm: Stages
Cumulus Stage: -Large Updrafts -Clouds are building in form and height Mature Stage(Most Dangerous): -Updraft and Downdraft -Extreme Precipitation -Lightning Dissipating Stage: -Mostly Downdrafts -Microburst is localized and can reach downdrafts of up to 6000ft a minute -Storm weakens in intensity
Weather Resources: Preflight
- Aviationweather.gov
- 1800wxbrief.com
- Third party sources
- foreflight
- weather channel
- look outside
Weather Resources: Inflight
- ATIS/AWOS/ASOS
- Onboard Equipment
- ADSB-In
- XM Radio
- FSS
- ATC Workload permitting
- Phone with cell service in emergency situations
Weather Resources: PIREPs
Pilot Reports
-Reported by Pilots
-Can report anything
Example: Wind Shear - Must include location, altitude
which experienced, airspeed gained/lost
Aft GC
- Range: Increased
- Fuel Burn: Decreased
- Airspeed: Increased
- Stall Recovery: Decreased
- Landing Flare: Increased
- Stability: Decreased
- Low AOA
Forward GC
- Range: Decreased
- Fuel Burn: Increased
- Airspeed: Decreased
- Stall Recovery: Increased
- Landing Flare: Decreased
- Stability: Increased
- Higher AOA
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
- At Sea Level
- Standard Pressure: 29.92” inHg
- Standard Temp: 15 Celsius
Density Altitude
-Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
-Higher density altitude(lower air density): aircraft
performance is decreased
-Lower density altitude(higher air density): aircraft
performance is increased
Pressure Altitude
-True Altitude Corrected for nonstandard Pressure
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
-Airspeed indicated by airspeed indicator on PFD
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
-Corrects IAS for instrument position error
True Airspeed (TAS)
-Corrects CAS for nonstandard temperature
-The amount of air molecules the airplane is actually
flying through
Fuel Requirements
- Day: Original Destination + 30 minutes at normal cruise
- Night: Original Destination + 45 minutes at normal cruise
- School Policy: Day/Night- Original Destination + 1hr at normal cruise
GPS
Global Positioning System:
-Uses Satellites to Triangulate position and altitude in space
VOR
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range:
-Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing to/from
Distance Measuring Equipment
- Uses Slant Range(line of sight) to determine distance
- Most inaccurate when directly over top of an object
- Inaccuracy negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000ft height
Risk Management: Preflight Planning when flying outside of home airport
NWKRAFT
- NOTAMS
- Weather
- Known Traffic Delays(IFR)
- Runway lengths of intended use
- Alternates(Required under IFR)
- Fuel Requirements
- Take off and Landing performance data
Risk Management: Personal Minimums
- Conditions you are personally need to operate safe flight
- Mine?
Risk Management: Preflight Self Assessment
- PAVE
- Personal/Pilot
- Aircraft
- enVironment
- External Pressures
- IMSAFE
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Fatigue
- Emotion/Eating
Unusual Attitudes
Nose High: Throttle-Max, Pitch Nose-Level, Pitch Wings-Level
Nose Low: Throttle-Idle, Pitch Wings-Level, Pitch Nose-Level
