Privacy - Key Terms Flashcards
A wide-ranging act that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a 10-year period and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records, such as banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails and encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
An act implemented in 1998 in an attempt to give parents control over the collection, use, and disclosure of their children’s personal information.
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
An act passed in 1994 that amended the Wiretap Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which required the telecommunications industry to build tools into its products that federal investigators could use—after obtaining a court order—to eavesdrop on conversations and intercept electronic communications.
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)
Text files that can be downloaded to the hard drives of users who visit a website, so that the website is able to identify visitors on subsequent visits.
Cookie
Using the Internet for purposes unrelated to work such as posting to Facebook, sending personal emails or Instant messages, or shopping online.
Cyberloafing
An act that deals with the protection of three main issues: (1) the protection of communications while in transfer from sender to receiver; (2) the protection of communications held in electronic storage; and (3) the prohibition of devices from recording dialing, routing, addressing, and signaling information without a search warrant.
Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA)
The collection, preparation, review, and production of electronically stored information for use in criminal and civil actions and proceedings.
Electronic discovery (e-discovery)
Any form of digital information, including emails, drawings, graphs, web pages, photographs, word-processing files, sound recordings, and databases stored on any form of magnetic storage device, including hard drives, CDs, and flash drives.
Electronically stored information (ESI)
A directive that requires any company doing business within the borders of the countries comprising the European Union (EU) to implement a set of privacy directives on the fair and appropriate use of information.
European Union Data Protection Directive
An amendment to the Fair Credit Reporting Act passed in 2003 that allows consumers to request and obtain a free credit report once each year from each of the three primary consumer credit reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion).
Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act
A bank deregulation law that repealed a Depression-era law known as Glass–Steagall and requires companies that offer consumers financial products or services like loans, financial or investment advice, or insurance—to explain their information-sharing practices to their customers and to safeguard sensitive data.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution that spell out additional rights of individuals.
Bill of Rights
An act that regulates the operations of credit-reporting bureaus, including how they collect, store, and use credit information.
Fair Credit Reporting Act
A term for a set of guidelines that govern the collection and use of personal data.
fair information practices
A federal law that assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children’s educational records.
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
This court meets in secret to hear applications for orders approving electronic surveillance anywhere within the United States.
FISA court
Information relating to the capabilities, intentions, or activities of foreign governments or agents of foreign governments or foreign organizations.
Foreign intelligence
An act that granted NSA expanded authority to collect, without court-approved warrants, international communications as they flow through U.S. telecommunications network equipment and facilities.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008
An amendment to the United States Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable government searches and is often invoked to protect the privacy of government employees.
Fourth amendment
A law that grants citizens the right to access certain information and records of federal, state, and local governments upon request.
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
An act designed to improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage; to reduce fraud, waste, and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery; and to simplify the administration of health insurance.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
The combination of communications privacy and data privacy.
Information privacy
Instructions sent by organizations to inform its employees (or employees of the opposing party) to save relevant data and to suspend data that might be due to be destroyed based on normal data-retention rules.
litigation hold notice
Compels holders of your personal records to turn them over to the government; it is not subject to judicial review or oversight.
National Security Letter (NSL)
Prohibits National Security Letter (NSL) recipients from informing anyone, even the person who is the subject of the NSL request, that the government has secretly requested his or her records.
NSL gag provision
An act that granted a four-year extension of two key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act that allowed roving wiretaps and searches of business records.
PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011
A device that records electronic impulses to identify the numbers dialed for outgoing calls.
Pen register
A process that couples human guidance with computer-driven concept searching in order to “train” document review software to recognize relevant documents within a large collection of documents.
predictive coding
Establishes a code of fair information practices that sets rules for the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal data that is kept in systems of records by federal agencies.
Privacy act
The right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people.
Right of privacy
An act that protects the records of financial institution customers from unauthorized scrutiny by the federal government.
Right to Financial Privacy Act
A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Wiretap Act.
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
The flow of personal data across national boundaries.
transborder data flow
A device that records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number.
Trap and trace
Under FISA, it is defined as a U.S. citizen, permanent resident, or company.
U.S. person
An act passed following startling revelations by Edward Snowden of secret NSA surveillance programs, which terminated the bulk collection of telephone metadata by the NSA.
USA Freedom Act
An act passed 5 weeks after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It gave sweeping new powers both to domestic law enforcement and U.S. international intelligence agencies, including increasing the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, email, medical, financial, and other records.
USA PATRIOT Act
A device that records vehicle and occupant data for a few seconds before, during, and after any vehicle crash that is severe enough to deploy the vehicle’s air bags.
vehicle event data recorder (EDR)
A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act.
Wiretap Act
An Act used to review applications for electronic surveillance in the United States for foreign intelligence purposes
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Court
