Privacy - Key Terms

Question 1

A wide-ranging act that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a 10-year period and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records, such as banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails and encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.

Answer 1

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Question 2

An act implemented in 1998 in an attempt to give parents control over the collection, use, and disclosure of their children’s personal information.

Answer 2

Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

Question 3

An act passed in 1994 that amended the Wiretap Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which required the telecommunications industry to build tools into its products that federal investigators could use—after obtaining a court order—to eavesdrop on conversations and intercept electronic communications.

Answer 3

Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)

Question 4

Text files that can be downloaded to the hard drives of users who visit a website, so that the website is able to identify visitors on subsequent visits.

Answer 4

Cookie

Question 5

Using the Internet for purposes unrelated to work such as posting to Facebook, sending personal emails or Instant messages, or shopping online.

Answer 5

Cyberloafing

Question 6

An act that deals with the protection of three main issues: (1) the protection of communications while in transfer from sender to receiver; (2) the protection of communications held in electronic storage; and (3) the prohibition of devices from recording dialing, routing, addressing, and signaling information without a search warrant.

Answer 6

Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA)

Question 7

The collection, preparation, review, and production of electronically stored information for use in criminal and civil actions and proceedings.

Answer 7

Electronic discovery (e-discovery)

Question 8

Any form of digital information, including emails, drawings, graphs, web pages, photographs, word-processing files, sound recordings, and databases stored on any form of magnetic storage device, including hard drives, CDs, and flash drives.

Answer 8

Electronically stored information (ESI)

Question 9

A directive that requires any company doing business within the borders of the countries comprising the European Union (EU) to implement a set of privacy directives on the fair and appropriate use of information.

Answer 9

European Union Data Protection Directive

Question 10

An amendment to the Fair Credit Reporting Act passed in 2003 that allows consumers to request and obtain a free credit report once each year from each of the three primary consumer credit reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion).

Answer 10

Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act

Question 11

A bank deregulation law that repealed a Depression-era law known as Glass–Steagall and requires companies that offer consumers financial products or services like loans, financial or investment advice, or insurance—to explain their information-sharing practices to their customers and to safeguard sensitive data.

Answer 11

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)

Question 12

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution that spell out additional rights of individuals.

Answer 12

Bill of Rights

Question 13

An act that regulates the operations of credit-reporting bureaus, including how they collect, store, and use credit information.

Answer 13

Fair Credit Reporting Act

Question 14

A term for a set of guidelines that govern the collection and use of personal data.

Answer 14

fair information practices

Question 15

A federal law that assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children’s educational records.

Answer 15

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Question 16

This court meets in secret to hear applications for orders approving electronic surveillance anywhere within the United States.

Answer 16

FISA court

Question 17

Information relating to the capabilities, intentions, or activities of foreign governments or agents of foreign governments or foreign organizations.

Answer 17

Foreign intelligence

Question 18

An act that granted NSA expanded authority to collect, without court-approved warrants, international communications as they flow through U.S. telecommunications network equipment and facilities.

Answer 18

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008

Question 19

An amendment to the United States Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable government searches and is often invoked to protect the privacy of government employees.

Answer 19

Fourth amendment

Question 20

A law that grants citizens the right to access certain information and records of federal, state, and local governments upon request.

Answer 20

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Question 21

An act designed to improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage; to reduce fraud, waste, and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery; and to simplify the administration of health insurance.

Answer 21

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Question 22

The combination of communications privacy and data privacy.

Answer 22

Information privacy

Question 23

Instructions sent by organizations to inform its employees (or employees of the opposing party) to save relevant data and to suspend data that might be due to be destroyed based on normal data-retention rules.

Answer 23

litigation hold notice

Question 24

Compels holders of your personal records to turn them over to the government; it is not subject to judicial review or oversight.

Answer 24

National Security Letter (NSL)

Question 25

Prohibits National Security Letter (NSL) recipients from informing anyone, even the person who is the subject of the NSL request, that the government has secretly requested his or her records.

Answer 25

NSL gag provision

Question 26

An act that granted a four-year extension of two key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act that allowed roving wiretaps and searches of business records.

Answer 26

PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011

Question 27

A device that records electronic impulses to identify the numbers dialed for outgoing calls.

Answer 27

Pen register

Question 28

A process that couples human guidance with computer-driven concept searching in order to “train” document review software to recognize relevant documents within a large collection of documents.

Answer 28

predictive coding

Question 29

Establishes a code of fair information practices that sets rules for the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal data that is kept in systems of records by federal agencies.

Answer 29

Privacy act

Question 30

The right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people.

Answer 30

Right of privacy

Question 31

An act that protects the records of financial institution customers from unauthorized scrutiny by the federal government.

Answer 31

Right to Financial Privacy Act

Question 32

A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Wiretap Act.

Answer 32

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Question 33

The flow of personal data across national boundaries.

Answer 33

transborder data flow

Question 34

A device that records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number.

Answer 34

Trap and trace

Question 35

Under FISA, it is defined as a U.S. citizen, permanent resident, or company.

Answer 35

U.S. person

Question 36

An act passed following startling revelations by Edward Snowden of secret NSA surveillance programs, which terminated the bulk collection of telephone metadata by the NSA.

Answer 36

USA Freedom Act

Question 37

An act passed 5 weeks after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It gave sweeping new powers both to domestic law enforcement and U.S. international intelligence agencies, including increasing the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, email, medical, financial, and other records.

Answer 37

USA PATRIOT Act

Question 38

A device that records vehicle and occupant data for a few seconds before, during, and after any vehicle crash that is severe enough to deploy the vehicle’s air bags.

Answer 38

vehicle event data recorder (EDR)

Question 39

A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act.

Answer 39

Wiretap Act

Question 40

An Act used to review applications for electronic surveillance in the United States for foreign intelligence purposes

Answer 40

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Court