princlpls Flashcards
1
Q
- Which Ig is found in mucosa/Provides localized protection on mucous membranes
A
– IgA
2
Q
- Which Ig is found in breast milk
A
IgA, particularly protective against polio
3
Q
- Which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity
A
IgE
4
Q
- What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response
A
Fc receptors
5
Q
- What is the most common type of Ig/antibody –
A
IgG
6
Q
- What is the first antibody/Ig to appear in response to an antigen/infection
A
IgM
7
Q
- What produces endotoxin
A
gram negative bacteria
8
Q
- What antibiotic is used for gram positive cover
A
vancomycin
9
Q
- What are the mycin antibiotics used for (clarithromycin etc)
A
streptococcal infections
10
Q
o Inheritance pattern of CF
A
autosomal recessive – 25%
11
Q
Schwann cells
A
Produce myelin in the PNS
12
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
Produce myelin in the CNS
Affected in multiple sclerosis
13
Q
- Stains blue/purple
A
Gram positive
14
Q
- stains pink/red
A
Gram negative
15
Q
change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type – high risk of cancerous growth
A
- metaplasia
16
Q
new growth which is not in response to stimulus – can be benign, premalignant or malignant – malignant if it goes beyond the basement membrane
A
neoplasia
17
Q
disordered growth without stimulus – rarely invaded the basement membrane however often graded, higher the grade, the lower the prognosis
A
dysplasia
18
Q
organised cell death
A
apoptosis
19
Q
Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation
Granules contain myeloperoxidase and lysozyme
Most common type of white blood cell
Multi-lobed nucleus
A
neutrophil
20
Q
Releases histamine during allergic response
Granules contain histamine and heparin
Expresses IgE receptors on the cell surface
Bi-lobed nucleus
A
basophil
21
Q
Present in tissues and are similar in function to basophils but derived from different cell lines
Releases histamine during allergic response
Granules contain histamine and heparin
Expresses IgE receptors on the cell surface
A
mast cell
22
Q
Defends against protozoan and helminthic infections
Bi-lobed nucleus
A
Eosinophil
23
Q
Differentiates into macrophages
Kidney shaped nucleus
A
monocyte
24
Q
Involved in phagocytosis of cellular debris and pathogens
Acts as an antigen presenting cell
Major source of IL-1
A
macrophage
25
Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells
natural killer cell
26
Acts as an antigen presenting cell
dendritic cell
27
Involved in the cell-mediated immune response
Recognises antigens presented by MHC class II molecules
Expresses CD3, CD4, TCR & CD28
Major source of IL-2
Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection
Helper T cells
28
Involved in the cell-mediated immune response
Recognises antigens presented by MHC class I molecules
Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells
Expresses CD8
Also expresses CD3, TCR
Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection
cytotoxic T cells
29
Major cell of the humoral immune response
Acts as an antigen presenting cell
Mediates hyperacute organ rejection
B cells
30
Differentiated from B cells
| Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen
plasma cells
31
Main source: Th2 cells
Inhibits Th1 cytokine production
Also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor and is an
'anti-inflammatory' cytokine
IL-10
32
main source: Th1 cells
| Stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response
IL-2
33
Neisseria meningitidis + Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram-negative cocci
34
staphylococci + streptococci (including enterococci)
gram-positive cocci
35
```
all bacteria - mnemonic = ABCD L
Actinomyces
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
Clostridium
Diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Listeria monocytogenes
```
Gram positive rods (bacilli)
36
```
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella sp.
Shigella sp.
Campylobacter jejuni
```
gram-negative rods
37
Incubation period
| 1-6 hrs:
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus*
38
incubation period 12-48 hrs:
Salmonella, Escherichia coli
39
incubation period 48-72 hrs:
Shigella, Campylobacter
40
> 7 days:
Giardiasis, Amoebiasis
41
Inhibits RNA synthesis
rifampicin
42
Inhibits folic acid formation
sulphonamides
| trimethoprim
43
Damages DNA
metronidazole
44
Inhibits DNA synthesis
quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
45
50S subunit: macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid, streptogrammins
30S subunit: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
Inhibits protein synthesis (by acting on the ribosome)
46
peptidoglycan cross-linking: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbopenems
peptidoglycan synthesis: glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin)
Inhibits cell wall formation
47
p53
Common to many cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
48
APC
colorectal cancer
49
BRCA1/BRCA2
Breast and ovarian cancer
50
NF1
Neurofibromatosis
51
Modifies, sorts, and packages these molecules that are destined for cell secretion
The addition of mannose-6-phosphate to proteins designates transport to lysosome
Golgi apparatus
52
Aerobic respiration. Contains mitochondrial genome as circular DNA
mitochondrion
53
DNA maintenance
RNA transcription
RNA splicing
the process that removes the intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (introns) from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding sequences (exons)
nucleus
54
Breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
Lysosome
55
Ribosome production
nucleolus
56
Translation of RNA into proteins/protein synthesis
ribosome
57
translation and folding of new proteins
manufacture of lysosomal enzymes
site of N-linked glycosylation
examples of cells with extensive RER include pancreatic cells, goblet cells, plasma cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
58
steroid, lipid synthesis
| examples of cells with extensive SER include those of the adrenal cortex, hepatocytes, testes, ovaries
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
59
synthesis of steroid hormones
Smooth ER
60
synthesises polypeptides
Rough ER
61
powerhouse of cell can multiply independently
Mitochondria
62
receives materials from ER and distributes, can also modify proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
63
where RNA is translated into protein
Ribosomes
64
microscopic single cell organism that does not have a defined nucleus
Prokaryote
65
just a normal cell with nucleus
Eukaryote
66
= maximal rate of reaction at unlimited substrate concentration
Vmax - o Vmax is the intersection of the straight line with the Y axis
67
possess a co-factor, which is an associated substance essential for that enzyme’s function
holoenzyme
68
has no cofactor
apoenzyme
69
they catalyse the same reaction but have different structures and chemical properties
isozyme
70
an inert substance which can be chemically converted into an enzyme.
zymogen
71
glucose → pyruvate
free energy released forms ATP
anaerobic process
the rate-determining enzyme is phosphofructosekinase-1
Glycolysis
72
non-carbohydrate substrates (e.g. pyruvate, lactate) → glucose.
occurs mainly in the liver. Other sites are the kidney and intestinal epithelium
the rate-determining enzyme is fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
Gluconeogenesis
73
'non-reversible' enzymes that are key to gluconeogenesis
action: Pyruvate → oxaloacetate
Location: Mitochondria
notes:
Activator: acetyl-CoA
Inhibitor: ADP
Pyruvate carboxylase
74
'non-reversible' enzymes that are key to gluconeogenesis
action: Oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate
location: Cytosol
PEP carboyxlase
75
'non-reversible' enzymes that are key to gluconeogenesis
action: Fructose-1,6-biphosphate → fructose-6-phosphate
Location: Cytosol
Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
76
'non-reversible' enzymes that are key to gluconeogenesis
action: Glucose-6-phosphate → glucose
Location: Endoplasmic reticulum
Notes: Deficient in von Gierke's disease
Not present in muscle (why muscles cannot generate glucose)
Glucose-6-phosphatase
77
Key points
glycogen → glucose-1-phosphate / glucose
the key enzyme is glycogen phosphorylase. Following the action of glycogen phosphorylase α-1,6-glucosidase removes the final glucose residue of the branch as a molecule of glucose
Glycogenolysis
78
glucose →> glycogen
glycogenesis
79
what subtypes of human papilloma virus are particularly carinogenic>
Subtypes 16,18 & 33
