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First year > giii > Flashcards

giii Flashcards

1
Q
  • Nerve that supplies the rectum
A

inferior rectal nerve

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2
Q

treatment for achalasia

A

hellers cardiomyotomy or balloon dilatation

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3
Q
  • Treatment of oesophageal varices and acute presentation!
A

o Treatment – resuscitation (correct clotting abnormalities), IV terlipressin, banding, sengstaken blakermore tube

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4
Q

give features of crohn’s disease

A

cobblestone mucosa, recurrent oral stomatitis, deep fissuring ulceration of mucosa, anywhere from mouth to anus, weight loss, strictures, cobble stone, rose thorn ulcers, granulomas, mouth ulcers

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5
Q

what cell changes can you see in barretts oesophagus

A

replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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6
Q
  • Treatment of ascites
A

spironolactone – can cause gynaecomastia and hyperkalaemia (risk of arrhythmias)

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7
Q
  • Thumb printing at splenic flexure
A

ischaemic colitis

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8
Q

excess copper, kayser-fleischer rings

A
  • Wilsons disease
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9
Q
  • Alphafeto protein
A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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10
Q
  • Abdominal pain and diarrhoea after sour milk or shellfish
A

campylobacter

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11
Q
  • Charcots triad – fever, jaundice, abdominal pain
A

ascending/acute cholangitis

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12
Q
  • Short bowel syndrome
A

<2m due to surgery ect

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13
Q

gastrin secreting tumour – overproduction of gastric acid – recurrent peptic ulcers

A
  • Zollinger Ellison syndrome
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14
Q
  • Treatment for haemochromatosis
A

phlemotomy, blood letting

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15
Q

– hypoalbuminaemia – white nails

A
  • Leukonychia
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16
Q

nail spooning – iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • Koilonychias
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17
Q

give prehepatic causes of jaundice

A

gilberts, haemolytic anaemia, newborn, trauma

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18
Q

give intra hepatic causes of jaundice

A

viral hepatitis, alcoholic hep, autoimmune hep, decompensated cirrhosis

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19
Q

give post hepatic causes of jaundice

A

gall stone, head of pancreas cancer, gallbladder cancer, psc, pbc

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20
Q
  • Mallory hyaline bodies
A

alcoholic liver disease

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21
Q
  • Pelvic floor muscle that is important in urination and defecation
A

levator ani muscle – it must relax

22
Q
  • Onion skinning fibrosis, beading of bile ducts
A

primary sclerosing cholangitis

23
Q

Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

24
Q

Anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA)

A

Autoimmune hepatitis

25
Q

Signet ring cells seen on biopsy

A

Diffuse stomach cancer

26
Q

Anti-transglutaminase antibody, anti endomysial antibody

A

Coeliac disease

27
Q

perinuclear-ANCA (pANCA)

A

Ulcerative colitis, PSC

28
Q

Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) (cANCA)

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

29
Q

Raised amylase, lipase, vomiting, pain

A

Pancreatitis

30
Q

CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer

31
Q

colicky loin pain radiating to groin

A

ureteric colic

32
Q

give features of UC

A

diarrhoea with blood and mucus, toxic megacolon, loss of haustrations, tenesmus, no inflammation beyond submucosa, pseudopolyps, crypt abscesses

33
Q

what is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

pernicous anaemia

34
Q

The coffee-bean sign is visible on abdominal x-ray

A

sigmoid volvulus

35
Q

Degenerative loss of ganglia from Auerbach’s plexus

36
Q

Hepatic stellate cells found in the space of Disse are activated and transformed into myofibroblasts under the influence of cytokines. These activated cells synthesise collagen leading to fibrosis

A

mechanism of cirrhosis

37
Q

ursodeoxycholic acid

A

treatment for PBC

38
Q

McBurney’s point

A

1/3 between the umbilicus and ASIS

39
Q

lymphoid hyperplasia or a faecolith → obstruction of appendiceal lumen → gut organisms invading the appendix wall → oedema, ischaemia +/- perforation

A

acute appendicitis

40
Q

serum-ascites albumin gradient

SAAG > 11g/L

A

(indicates portal hypertension)

cirrhosis/alcoholic liver disease
acute liver failure
liver metastases

41
Q 
Serology
tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibodies (IgA) are first-choice according to NICE
endomyseal antibody (IgA)
needed to look for selective IgA deficiency, which would give a false negative coeliac result

Endoscopic intestinal biopsy
the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis - this should be performed in all patients with suspected coeliac disease to confirm or exclude the diagnosis

A

coeliac investigations

42
Q

______ are the commonest reason for fresh blood on toilet paper when wiping.

A

Haemorrhoids

43
Q

HBsAg -
anti HBsAg -
anti HBcAg -

A

susceptible

44
Q

HBsAg -
anti HBsAg +
anti HBcAg -

A

immune Vaccine

45
Q

HBsAg -
anti HBsAg +
anti HBcAg +

A

immune (previous infection)

46
Q

HBsAg +
anti HBsAg -
anti HBcAg +
IgM +

A

acute infection

47
Q

HBsAg +
anti HBsAg -
anti HBcAg +
IgM -

A

chronic infection

48
Q 
Features
cholestasis
jaundice, pruritus
raised bilirubin + ALP
right upper quadrant pain
fatigue
49
Q

antacids + exercise

Omeprazole + amoxicillin + metronidazole

50
Q

cCEA

A

colorectal cancer

First year (10 decks)

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