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First year > crdio > Flashcards

crdio Flashcards

1
Q
  • Irregular irregular pulse
A

af

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2
Q
  • dry cough and hyperkalaemia
A

ACEI

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3
Q
  • tall tented T waves and wide QRS complexes
A

VT

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4
Q
  • saw tooth ECG
A

atrial flutter

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5
Q
  • rib-notching on CXR
A

coarctation of aorta

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6
Q
  • radial- radial delay
A

aortic dissection/coarctation of aorta

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7
Q
  • collapsing pulse
A

aortic regurgitation

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8
Q
  • slow rising pulse
A

aortic stenosis

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9
Q
  • splinter haemorrhages
A

infective endocarditis

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10
Q
  • crescendo-decrescendo murmur
A

aortic stenosis

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11
Q

main cause (prosthetic valves or IV drug users)

A
  • staph aureus
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12
Q

present in mouth after dental surgery

A
  • strep viridans
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13
Q

works through P2Y12 receptor by disulphide bond

A
  • clopidogrel
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14
Q

binds to AT3 and increases its affinity for clotting factors to inactivate

A
  • heparin
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15
Q
  • Continuous machine like murmur
A

patent ductus arteriosus – connection between aorta and pulmonary artery that remains open

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16
Q
  • Strawberry milkshake coloured blood
A

hyperlipidaemia

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17
Q
  • Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
A

– HMG- CoA reductase – drug target for cholesterol lowering drugs – statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

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18
Q

supplies the SA node

A
  • Right coronary artery
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19
Q

VS defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy

A
  • Tetralogy of fallot
20
Q

tapping apex, diastolic murmur, best heard on left side, opening snap, AF

A
  • Mitral stenosis
21
Q

displaced apex, pansystolic murmur, to axilla, AF

A
  • Mitral regurgitation
22
Q

– pansystolic murmur, lower left sternal edge on inspiration, IV drug user

A
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
23
Q

SOB/chest pain, high volume collapsing pulse, early diastolic lower left sternal age leaning forward on expiration, wide pulse pressure

A
  • Aortic regurgitation
24
Q
  • Treatment for VT
A

adenosine/Ca blocker/BBlocker, amiodarone, cardioversion

25
Q

competitive antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptors (M1,M2,M3) – blocks parasympathetic – reverses bradycardia following MI

A
  • Atropine
26
Q
  • Antiemetic given for gastroparesis and following an MI
A

metoclopramide

27
Q

boot shaped heart

A

tetrology of falot

28
Q

large if atrial pressure e.g. tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension
absent if in atrial fibrillation

A

‘a’ wave = atrial contraction

29
Q

caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve

are seen in complete heart block, ventricular tachycardia/ectopics, nodal rhythm, single chamber ventricular pacing

A

Cannon ‘a’ waves

30
Q

closure of tricuspid valve

not normally visible

A

‘c’ wave

31
Q

due to passive filling of blood into the atrium against a closed tricuspid valve

giant v waves in tricuspid regurgitation

A

‘v’ wave

32
Q

fall in atrial pressure during ventricular systole

A

‘x’ descent

33
Q

opening of tricuspid valve

A

y descent

34
Q

name layers of the heart from innermost to outermost

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium and pericardium

35
Q

syndrome is caused by a congenital accessory conducting pathway between the atria and ventricles leading to a atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRT). As the accessory pathway does not slow conduction AF can degenerate rapidly to VF

A

wolff parkinson white syndrome

36
Q

doubles risk of IHD

A

diabetes

37
Q

initial endothelial dysfunction is triggered by a number of factors such as smoking, hypertension and hyperglycaemia

this results in a number of changes to the endothelium including pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, proliferative and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability

A

stage 1 & 2 of IHD

38
Q

fatty infiltration of the subendothelial space by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles

monocytes migrate from the blood and differentiate into macrophages. These macrophages then phagocytose oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large ‘foam cells’. As these macrophages die the result can further propagate the inflammatory process.

A

stage 3&4 of IHD

39
Q

smooth muscle proliferation and migration from the tunica media into the intima results in formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty plaque.

A

stage 5 of IHD

40
Q

WiLLiaM MaRRoW V1 and V6

A

LBBB or RBBB

41
Q

Irregularly irregular meaning

A

the PULSE is Irregularly irregular

42
Q

Anteroseptal V1-V4

A

Left anterior descending

43
Q

Inferior II, III, aVF

A

Right coronary

44
Q

Anterolateral V4-6, I, aVL

A

Left anterior descending or left circumflex

45
Q

Lateral I, aVL +/- V5-6

A

Left circumflex

46
Q

give the pathway of electrical conduction within the heart.

A

SAN > AVN > bundle of His > left/right bundle branches > Purkinje fibres

First year (10 decks)

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