crdio

Question 1

• Irregular irregular pulse

Answer 1

af

Question 2

• dry cough and hyperkalaemia

Answer 2

ACEI

Question 3

• tall tented T waves and wide QRS complexes

Answer 3

VT

Question 4

• saw tooth ECG

Answer 4

atrial flutter

Question 5

• rib-notching on CXR

Answer 5

coarctation of aorta

Question 6

• radial- radial delay

Answer 6

aortic dissection/coarctation of aorta

Question 7

• collapsing pulse

Answer 7

aortic regurgitation

Question 8

• slow rising pulse

Answer 8

aortic stenosis

Question 9

• splinter haemorrhages

Answer 9

infective endocarditis

Question 10

• crescendo-decrescendo murmur

Answer 10

aortic stenosis

Question 11

main cause (prosthetic valves or IV drug users)

Answer 11

• staph aureus

Question 12

present in mouth after dental surgery

Answer 12

• strep viridans

Question 13

works through P2Y12 receptor by disulphide bond

Answer 13

• clopidogrel

Question 14

binds to AT3 and increases its affinity for clotting factors to inactivate

Answer 14

• heparin

Question 15

• Continuous machine like murmur

Answer 15

patent ductus arteriosus – connection between aorta and pulmonary artery that remains open

Question 16

• Strawberry milkshake coloured blood

Answer 16

hyperlipidaemia

Question 17

• Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Answer 17

– HMG- CoA reductase – drug target for cholesterol lowering drugs – statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

Question 18

supplies the SA node

Answer 18

• Right coronary artery

Question 19

VS defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy

Answer 19

• Tetralogy of fallot

Question 20

tapping apex, diastolic murmur, best heard on left side, opening snap, AF

Answer 20

• Mitral stenosis

Question 21

displaced apex, pansystolic murmur, to axilla, AF

Answer 21

• Mitral regurgitation

Question 22

– pansystolic murmur, lower left sternal edge on inspiration, IV drug user

Answer 22

• Tricuspid regurgitation

Question 23

SOB/chest pain, high volume collapsing pulse, early diastolic lower left sternal age leaning forward on expiration, wide pulse pressure

Answer 23

• Aortic regurgitation

Question 24

• Treatment for VT

Answer 24

adenosine/Ca blocker/BBlocker, amiodarone, cardioversion

Question 25

competitive antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptors (M1,M2,M3) – blocks parasympathetic – reverses bradycardia following MI

Answer 25

- Atropine

Question 26

- Antiemetic given for gastroparesis and following an MI

Answer 26

metoclopramide

Question 27

boot shaped heart

Answer 27

tetrology of falot

Question 28

large if atrial pressure e.g. tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension absent if in atrial fibrillation

Answer 28

'a' wave = atrial contraction

Question 29

caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve are seen in complete heart block, ventricular tachycardia/ectopics, nodal rhythm, single chamber ventricular pacing

Answer 29

Cannon 'a' waves

Question 30

closure of tricuspid valve not normally visible

Answer 30

'c' wave

Question 31

due to passive filling of blood into the atrium against a closed tricuspid valve giant v waves in tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 31

'v' wave

Question 32

fall in atrial pressure during ventricular systole

Answer 32

'x' descent

Question 33

opening of tricuspid valve

Answer 33

y descent

Question 34

name layers of the heart from innermost to outermost

Answer 34

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium and pericardium

Question 35

syndrome is caused by a congenital accessory conducting pathway between the atria and ventricles leading to a atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRT). As the accessory pathway does not slow conduction AF can degenerate rapidly to VF

Answer 35

wolff parkinson white syndrome

Question 36

doubles risk of IHD

Answer 36

diabetes

Question 37

initial endothelial dysfunction is triggered by a number of factors such as smoking, hypertension and hyperglycaemia this results in a number of changes to the endothelium including pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, proliferative and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability

Answer 37

stage 1 & 2 of IHD

Question 38

fatty infiltration of the subendothelial space by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles monocytes migrate from the blood and differentiate into macrophages. These macrophages then phagocytose oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large 'foam cells'. As these macrophages die the result can further propagate the inflammatory process.

Answer 38

stage 3&4 of IHD

Question 39

smooth muscle proliferation and migration from the tunica media into the intima results in formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty plaque.

Answer 39

stage 5 of IHD

Question 40

WiLLiaM MaRRoW V1 and V6

Answer 40

LBBB or RBBB

Question 41

Irregularly irregular meaning

Answer 41

the PULSE is Irregularly irregular

Question 42

Anteroseptal V1-V4

Answer 42

Left anterior descending

Question 43

Inferior II, III, aVF

Answer 43

Right coronary

Question 44

Anterolateral V4-6, I, aVL

Answer 44

Left anterior descending or left circumflex

Question 45

Lateral I, aVL +/- V5-6

Answer 45

Left circumflex

Question 46

give the pathway of electrical conduction within the heart.

Answer 46

SAN > AVN > bundle of His > left/right bundle branches > Purkinje fibres