principles of safe prescribing ? Flashcards
A drug’s mechanism of action is part of its:
Pharmacodynamics.
The process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug is known as:
Pharmacokinetics.
Which of the following would best describe a pharmacodynamic study?
Determining the effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease
Cmax is best described as:
Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration.
When counseling a 56-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the NP mentions which of the following regarding the use of semaglutide?
The oral dose of the medication needed is quite high compared to the injectable for due to issues with GI absorption.
Tmax is best defined as:
Time to maximum drug level is observed.
In the development, testing, and approval of a new medication, which of the following best describes the question that is being asked in phase 3 testing?
Does the medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-blind clinical trial?
Age-related changes in the elder include all of the following except:
Increase in serum albumin.
When considering the movement of drugs throughout the body, it is important to consider that the most common form of drug absorption is via:
Passive diffusion.
The safety and pharmacokinetics of a new drug are best determined in which phase of clinical trials?
Phase 1
Bioavailability is defined as the:
Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation.
A nursing mother is taking a medication with a 2-hour half-life and is concerned about her infant ingesting some of the drug through breastmilk. The NP knows that <10% of the original drug dose will remain in the body after how many hours following her dose?
8
Drugs that are antagonists exhibit clinical action primarily by:
Occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity.
In advising a 40-year-old woman who is taking ciprofloxacin with a calcium-containing antacid, which of the following statement is correct?
The clinical effect of the antimicrobial will be reduced via chelation if the two medications are taken together.
Which of the following is not a requirement for a medication to be delivered transdermally?
pH <4 in aqueous medium
A 37-year-old woman with a history of migraines requests a migraine treatment. She describes that her migraines tend to develop slowly and will last several hours. The NP recommends which of the following triptans?
Frovatriptan
Agonist drugs work primarily by:
Stimulating the activity of a receptor site.
Of the following drug characteristics, which contributes significantly to the difference in the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (the statins) potencies?
Bioavailability and half-life
The biotransformation and/or excretion of an oral drug by hepatic mechanisms prior to entering the GI tract is known as:
First pass effect.
When counseling a 58-year-old woman on the use of levothyroxine, the NP advises that the medication:
Should be taken on an empty stomach.
When counseling a 58-year-old woman on the use of levothyroxine, the NP advises that the medication:
Should be taken on an empty stomach.
The most commonly utilized CYP 450 isoenzyme for drug metabolism or biotransformation is:
3A4.
Which of the following medications is considered to have a wide therapeutic index and would not require therapeutic drug monitoring?
Fluoxetine
Which of the following statins would be preferred for a 67-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia and who likes to have a glass of grapefruit juice every morning?
Pravastatin
When developing a plan of care to minimize drug-drug interaction risk in 64-year-old man with atrial fibrillation and taking warfarin, the NP pays particular attention to avoiding medications that inhibit CYP450:
2C9.
All of the following are potential signs of Torsades de Pointe except:
Vertigo
A 57-year-old woman with a history of intracerebral hemorrhage and who is taking warfarin requires treatment with metronidazole. Aside from close clinical monitoring and periodic checking of INR, the NP considers which of the following adjustments to therapy?
Decrease the warfarin dose by 25% for the duration of antimicrobial therapy
A 42-year-old man is taking indinavir for HIV infection. He mentions that he wishes to start taking St. John’s wort to help with some depression he has been feeling lately. The NP advises:
St. John’s wort will decrease the effectiveness of the antiviral.
A 63-year-old man with a history of ventricular arrhythmia is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Which of the following oral medications should be avoided due to the risk of QT prolongation?
Moxifloxacin
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the use of azithromycin and cardiovascular death?
An increased risk of cardiovascular death with azithromycin is likely limited to high-risk patient populations.
Which of the following medications is considered to have a wide therapeutic index and would not require therapeutic drug monitoring?
Fluoxetine
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the use of azithromycin and cardiovascular death?
An increased risk of cardiovascular death with azithromycin is likely limited to high-risk patient populations.
Which of the following is a known risk factor for Torsades de Pointe with the use of a QT-prolonging medication?
Older age
Which of the following statins would be preferred for a 67-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia and who likes to have a glass of grapefruit juice every morning?
Pravastatin
In the development, testing, and approval of a new medication, which of the following best describes the question that is being asked in phase 3 testing?
Does the medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-blind clinical trial?
When developing a plan of care to minimize drug-drug interaction risk in 64-year-old man with atrial fibrillation and taking warfarin, the NP pays particular attention to avoiding medications that inhibit CYP450:
2C9.
A 42-year-old man is taking indinavir for HIV infection. He mentions that he wishes to start taking St. John’s wort to help with some depression he has been feeling lately. The NP advises:
St. John’s wort will decrease the effectiveness of the antiviral.
A 57-year-old woman with a history of intracerebral hemorrhage and who is taking warfarin requires treatment with metronidazole. Aside from close clinical monitoring and periodic checking of INR, the NP considers which of the following adjustments to therapy?
Decrease the warfarin dose by 25% for the duration of antimicrobial therapy
When considering the movement of drugs throughout the body, it is important to consider that the most common form of drug absorption is via:
Passive diffusion.
All of the following are potential signs of Torsades de Pointe except:
Vertigo
Age-related changes in the elder include all of the following except:
Increase in serum albumin.
