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PYU401 > Principles Of Psychology (1) > Flashcards

Principles Of Psychology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

Observing how things are, making informed predictions of effects of certain things, testing predictions with evidence.

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2
Q

Ontology

A

What exists.

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3
Q

Epistemology

A

What we can know about what exists.

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4
Q

Methodology

A

How we can investigate epistemology and ontology.

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5
Q

3 people that defined psychology.

A

Beneke
Wundt
Atkinson and Hilgard

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6
Q

2 benefits of science.

A

Test findings and be confident what we know is true.

Improve lifestyle.

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7
Q

In the 19th century what did Comte say?

A

Science should be based on observed facts.

No theological or philosophical truths- positivism by induction

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8
Q

In the 1920’s what was the ‘Viennese circle’?

A

Logical positivism: use deduction to predict outcomes.

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9
Q

What did Popper say about science?

A

Falsifiability: disprove theories to test them.

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10
Q

What did Kuhn say about science?

A

Paradigm shifts: the reality of science.

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11
Q

What are the 4 scientific assumptions?

A

Determinism

Empiricism

Order

Parsimony

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12
Q

Determinism

A

Natural order of things means events have identifiable causes.

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13
Q

Empiricism

A

Theories must be based on publicly available observable evidence

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14
Q

Order

A

Events do not happen randomly, so patterns should be identifiable

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15
Q

Parsimony

A

Explanations should be limited to what is evidenced, whilst being thorough and simple

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16
Q

What is the first aim of science?

A

To provide objective descriptions without bias

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17
Q

What is the second aim of science?

A

identify regular patterns to develop testable predictions

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18
Q

What is the third aim of science?

A

Get a better understanding of the nature of events by identifying patterns and testing predictions and establishing cause and effect.

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19
Q

What is the fourth aim of science?

A

To enable us to have control over events

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20
Q

What is the hypothetico-deductive method also known as?

A

Scientific method.

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21
Q

What is the first stage of the scientific method?

A

Observe regularities

22
Q

What’s the second stage of the scientific method?

A

Propose a theory

23
Q

What’s the third stage of the scientific method?

A

Develop a prediction.

24
Q

What’s the fourth stage of the scientific method?

A

Test the prediction

25
Q

What’s the fifth stage of the scientific method?

A

Evaluate the theory

26
Q

Why do we generate and test predictions?

A

To develop theories

27
Q

What’s the aim of an experiment?

A

To observe a measurable effect on something which we manipulate

28
Q

What does carrying out research involve?

A

Generate hypothesis

Collect data

Test the hypothesis

Generate theory

29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A statement or prediction that can be tested

30
Q

How must we always collect data?

A

Without bias

In a reliable manner

31
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Measures what we intend it to measure

32
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent that results can be applied to other situations

33
Q

What is reliability?

A

The same results consistently found over time

34
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Pots guess what the research is about and behave how they think they are expected to

35
Q

What is social desirability?

A

Ppts want to please or be seen positively

36
Q

What four ways can a research influence the experiment?

A

Observer errors

Intentional affect

Interpreter

Expectancy

37
Q

What are observed errors?

A

People see things differently

38
Q

What is intentional affect?

A

Dishonesty or poor standards

39
Q

Interpreter

A

Researcher makes the results fit

40
Q

Expectancy

A

Researcher attempts to influence ppts to achieve desired responses

41
Q

What do research skills allow a psychologist to do?

A

Make objective assessments of problems

Inform and develop interventions

Assess and evaluate effectiveness of intervention

42
Q

What are the four ethical principles?

A

Respect

Competence

Responsibility

Integrity

43
Q

Respect

A

Treat everyone with dignity and sensitively

44
Q

Responsibility

A

Do not harm

45
Q

Integrity

A

Be honest, accurate and fair

46
Q

What do you need to obtain from ppts before carrying out research?

A

Consent

47
Q

What do potential ppts need to be protected from?

A

Harm

48
Q

What should potential ppts have?

A

Freedom to withdraw

49
Q

How do psychologists protect ppts identity?

A

Anonymity and confidentiality

50
Q

What must researchers not do to ppts?

A

Deception

51
Q

What must researchers always do at the end of a study with ppts?

A

Debrief

PYU401 (9 decks)

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