Principles Of Psychology (1)

Question 1

What is science?

Answer 1

Observing how things are, making informed predictions of effects of certain things, testing predictions with evidence.

Question 2

Ontology

Answer 2

What exists.

Question 3

Epistemology

Answer 3

What we can know about what exists.

Question 4

Methodology

Answer 4

How we can investigate epistemology and ontology.

Question 5

3 people that defined psychology.

Answer 5

Beneke
Wundt
Atkinson and Hilgard

Question 6

2 benefits of science.

Answer 6

Test findings and be confident what we know is true.

Improve lifestyle.

Question 7

In the 19th century what did Comte say?

Answer 7

Science should be based on observed facts.

No theological or philosophical truths- positivism by induction

Question 8

In the 1920’s what was the ‘Viennese circle’?

Answer 8

Logical positivism: use deduction to predict outcomes.

Question 9

What did Popper say about science?

Answer 9

Falsifiability: disprove theories to test them.

Question 10

What did Kuhn say about science?

Answer 10

Paradigm shifts: the reality of science.

Question 11

What are the 4 scientific assumptions?

Answer 11

Determinism

Empiricism

Order

Parsimony

Question 12

Determinism

Answer 12

Natural order of things means events have identifiable causes.

Question 13

Empiricism

Answer 13

Theories must be based on publicly available observable evidence

Question 14

Order

Answer 14

Events do not happen randomly, so patterns should be identifiable

Question 15

Parsimony

Answer 15

Explanations should be limited to what is evidenced, whilst being thorough and simple

Question 16

What is the first aim of science?

Answer 16

To provide objective descriptions without bias

Question 17

What is the second aim of science?

Answer 17

identify regular patterns to develop testable predictions

Question 18

What is the third aim of science?

Answer 18

Get a better understanding of the nature of events by identifying patterns and testing predictions and establishing cause and effect.

Question 19

What is the fourth aim of science?

Answer 19

To enable us to have control over events

Question 20

What is the hypothetico-deductive method also known as?

Answer 20

Scientific method.

Question 21

What is the first stage of the scientific method?

Answer 21

Observe regularities

Question 22

What’s the second stage of the scientific method?

Answer 22

Propose a theory

Question 23

What’s the third stage of the scientific method?

Answer 23

Develop a prediction.

Question 24

What’s the fourth stage of the scientific method?

Answer 24

Test the prediction

Question 25

What’s the fifth stage of the scientific method?

Answer 25

Evaluate the theory

Question 26

Why do we generate and test predictions?

Answer 26

To develop theories

Question 27

What’s the aim of an experiment?

Answer 27

To observe a measurable effect on something which we manipulate

Question 28

What does carrying out research involve?

Answer 28

Generate hypothesis Collect data Test the hypothesis Generate theory

Question 29

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 29

A statement or prediction that can be tested

Question 30

How must we always collect data?

Answer 30

Without bias In a reliable manner

Question 31

What is internal validity?

Answer 31

Measures what we intend it to measure

Question 32

What is external validity?

Answer 32

The extent that results can be applied to other situations

Question 33

What is reliability?

Answer 33

The same results consistently found over time

Question 34

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 34

Pots guess what the research is about and behave how they think they are expected to

Question 35

What is social desirability?

Answer 35

Ppts want to please or be seen positively

Question 36

What four ways can a research influence the experiment?

Answer 36

Observer errors Intentional affect Interpreter Expectancy

Question 37

What are observed errors?

Answer 37

People see things differently

Question 38

What is intentional affect?

Answer 38

Dishonesty or poor standards

Question 39

Interpreter

Answer 39

Researcher makes the results fit

Question 40

Expectancy

Answer 40

Researcher attempts to influence ppts to achieve desired responses

Question 41

What do research skills allow a psychologist to do?

Answer 41

Make objective assessments of problems Inform and develop interventions Assess and evaluate effectiveness of intervention

Question 42

What are the four ethical principles?

Answer 42

Respect Competence Responsibility Integrity

Question 43

Respect

Answer 43

Treat everyone with dignity and sensitively

Question 44

Responsibility

Answer 44

Do not harm

Question 45

Integrity

Answer 45

Be honest, accurate and fair

Question 46

What do you need to obtain from ppts before carrying out research?

Answer 46

Consent

Question 47

What do potential ppts need to be protected from?

Answer 47

Harm

Question 48

What should potential ppts have?

Answer 48

Freedom to withdraw

Question 49

How do psychologists protect ppts identity?

Answer 49

Anonymity and confidentiality

Question 50

What must researchers not do to ppts?

Answer 50

Deception

Question 51

What must researchers always do at the end of a study with ppts?

Answer 51

Debrief