Principles of Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Neuroanatomical terminology and conventions Structural and functional divisions of the nervous system Overview of the CNS - coverings, blood supply and ventricular system Anatomy of the brain - major features and landmarks
1
Q
Axial
A
Horizontal plane
2
Q
Coronal
A
Front plane
3
Q
Sagittal
A
Side view/ medial plane
4
Q
Anterior
A
Front
5
Q
Posterior
A
Behind
6
Q
Superior
A
Towards top of head
7
Q
Inferior
A
Towards the feet
8
Q
Lateral
A
Towards sides
9
Q
Peripheral
A
Outer
10
Q
Efferent
A
Carry impulses away from CNS
11
Q
Afferent
A
Carry impulses towards CNS
12
Q
Sensory neurones
A
Afferent neurones that carry info that reaches consciousness
13
Q
Motor neurones
A
Efferent neurones that cause skeletal muscle contraction
14
Q
Interneurons
A
Neurons contained within CNS
15
Q
rostral
A
towards head end
16
Q
caudal
A
towards tail end
17
Q
dorsal
A
towards back
18
Q
ventral
A
towards belly
19
Q
in axial sections in neuroananatomy, out of top and bottom, which is dorsal and which is ventral?
A
dorsal - top
ventral - bottom
20
Q
In neuroradiology (axial images), how are they orientated?
A
As though looking from someone’s feet towards their head, ventral - top, dorsal - bottom
21
Q
What does the central nervous system consist of?
A
Brain and spinal cord
22
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
A
Link between CNS and the body. Nerves joined to brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves). Spinal nerves - upper limbs - brachial plexus. Lower limbs - lumbar plexus
23
Q
Ganglia
A
A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system, mostly outside the central nervous system except certain nuclei.
24
Q
What is the somatic nervous system?
A
neurons that detect changes in external environment
25
what is the autonomous nervous system?
detects changes and controls the activity of the viscera (internal organs of the body)
26
How is the autonomous nervous system divided?
sympathetic and parasympathetic ( antagonistic - having opposite effects on the structures they innervate). Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands.
27
afferent and efferent are also used...
...to describe polarity of projections within the CNS eg. to and from cerebral cortex - cortical afferents and efferents, respectively.
28
What are the coverings of the brain called collectively?
meninges
29
What is the outer covering of the brain called?
dura mater
30
Describe the dura mater
inelastic, tough, fibrous, surrounds brain and spinal cord like a loose fitting bag, projects into cranium
31
name the two cranial projections of the dura mater and describe their location
falx cerebri - descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure
tentorium cerebelli - separates cerebellum from the inferior portion of occipital lobes
32
Name and describe the middle membrane/ layer of meninges?
arachnoid mater - translucent, loose, collagenous, elastic membrane with spider like projections
33
Name and describe the inner membrane of the brain?
pia mater - microscopic thickness, delicate, adherent to surface of brain and spinal cord
34
name the outer and inner dura mater layers respectively
periosteal and meningeal
35
Where is the periosteum located?
Under the skin but above the bone
36
How is blood supplied to the brain?
Via right and left common carotid arteries and right and left vertebral arteries
37
Where do the external carotid arteries supply?
Face and scalp
38
Where do the internal carotid arteries supply?
anterior (front) portion of the cerebrum ( main part of brain)
39
What do the vertebral and vertebrobasilar arteries supply?
Posterior 2/5 of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
40
Which arteries supply the brain?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
41
What does the circle of willis consist of?
anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery (- internal carotid artery), posterior cerebral artery all go to --> all parts of the brain
42
Which artery supplies the meninges? Where does it ramify?
middle meningeal artery; ramifies between skull and dural mater overlying the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
43
How is the spinal cord supplied?
By vessels arising from vertebral arteries, reinforced by radicular arteries
44
Where do the deep cerebral veins drain into?
The great cerebral vein
45
Which main vessels does venous drainage of the brain involve?
Deep veins, superficial veins, dural venous sinuses
46
Where do the deep cerebral veins drain?
internal structures of the forebrain
47
Which veins drain the basoganglia, thalamus, internal capsule, choroid plexus and hippocampus?
thalamostriate and choroidal veins
48
Which vessels merge to form the internal cerebral vein?
thalamostriate and choroidal veins
49
Which veins unite to form the great cerebral vein?
the two internal cerebral veins
50
Within each cerebral hemisphere, how does the great cerebral vein branch out?
Into two internal cerebral veins and then each into a thalamostriate vein and a choroidal vein
51
Where does the cerebral vein lie?
Beneath the splenium of the corpus callosum
52
Where do the superficial veins lie?
Sub arachnoid space
53
Where do the superior cerebral veins drain?
lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres
54
Where do the superior cerebral veins empty?
superior sagittal sinus
55
Where do the superficial middle cerebral veins run and empty?
along the line of lateral fissure, emptying into the cavernous sinus
56
where do the great anastomotic vein, and inferior anastomotic vein drain respectively?
superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus
57
Where do the deep and superficial cerebral veins drain?
dural venous sinuses between the two layers of dura mater
58
Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie?
Where the falx cerebri attaches to the interior of the cranium lies
59
Which veins does the superior sagittal sinus receive blood from, primarily?
the superior cerebral veins, which ramify over the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres
60
which sinus does the free border of the falx cerebri enclose?
inferior sagittal sinus, flowing onto the medial aspect of the hemisphere
61
Which sinus lies within the tentorium cerebelli along the line of attachment to the falx cerebri?
large straight sinus
62
Which veins run into the straight sinus and what do they drain?
both the great cerebral veins, which drain the deep structures of the forebrain, and the inferior sagittal sinus
63
Where do the superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus converge and where does it lie?
confluence of sinuses, adjacent to internal occipital protuberance
64
Where does blood flow from the confluence of sinuses?
laterally on either side in transverse sinus
65
Where does the inferior sagittal sinus terminate at the posterior end?
The straight sinus, on the midline of the tentorium cerebelli
66
Where does the transverse sinus lie?
along the attachment of the tentorium to the occipital bone
67
which sinus is the transverse sinus continuous with, and which vein do they join to?
sigmoid sinus, joining to the internal jugular vein
68
Where does the cavernous sinus lie?
Lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone
69
Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from and where does it drain?
the middle cerebral vein, draining into the internal jugular vein
70
How are the two cavernous sinuses connected?
by intercavernous sinuses that lie anterior and posterior to the hypophysis, forming a venous circle around it
71
How are the dural venous sinuses connected to extracranial veins?
emissary veins, which pass through the bones of the skull
72
What is the name of the cavity formed on the dorsal surface of the medulla and pons, directly below the cerebellum.
fourth ventricle
73
Which ventricular tube forms at the rostral border of the pons?
cerebral aqueduct
74
Which ventricle forms at the junction between the midbrain and the forebrain
third ventricle
75
Which structures form the lateral walls of the third ventricle?
The lateral walls of the third ventricle are formed by the thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon
76
What is the name of the small aperture in the rostral end of the third ventricle, and what does it communicate with?
interventricular foramen ( foramen of Monro ), communicates with lateral ventricle
77
What is the name of the extensive chamber which is present within each cerebral hemisphere?
lateral ventricle
78
What does the ventricular system contain?
cerebrospinal fluid
79
Which structure secretes cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
80
What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
great longitudinal fissure
81
What is the cerebral cortex?
highly convuluted outer mantle of grey matter
82
What occupies the longitudinal fissure?
falx cerebri and inferior to this, the corpus callosum
83
What is the corpus callosum?
commissural nerve fibres that run between corresponding regions of the two hemispheres
84
How many cranial nerves originate from the brainstem?
10 out of 12
85
where in relation to the brainstem is the cerebellum?
Posterior/dorsal to the brainstem
86
Where does the thalamus lie?
Inferior to the corpus callosum
87
Where does the hypothalamus lie?
Inferior to the thalamus
