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Motor Development 261 > Principles of Motion and Stability > Flashcards

Principles of Motion and Stability Flashcards

1
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

Study of the structure and function of biological systems in humans, cells, and plants

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2
Q

What is developmental biomechanics?

A

The sequence of mechanics involved in certain motions

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3
Q

What is the principle of gravity?

A

What goes up must come back down

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4
Q

What does gravity calibrate or encourage its movement towards?

A

People’s individual constraints acting in a specific task oriented environment

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5
Q

Do principles of motion and stability influence the interaction of constraints?

A

Yees

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6
Q

Does gravity act on all movements?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What occurs with gravity as you age and become more developed?

A

You become more proficient and use gravity to your advantage

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8
Q

What kind of muscles do you activate and maintain when executing skilled movement?

A

Postural muscles

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9
Q

What kind of curve is airborne projection?

A

Parabolic

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10
Q

What are movement patterns restricted by

A

Shape of body

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11
Q

Where is the strongest influence in the body in order to optimize movements or discourage movements for a particular task?

A

In the joints

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12
Q

Do all 3 constraints interact to shape or constrain movement pattern?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are 2 examples of limitations of movement due to individual constraints?

A
  1. Shoulder popped out

2. Clavicle popped out

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14
Q

What do children do in terms of movements?

A

They execute the most efficient movement pattern for themselves given their body size, strength, posture, and experience

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15
Q

What causes movement patterns to change?

A

When any one constraint does too

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16
Q

What are different individual constraints in children?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Overall size
  3. Proportions
  4. Experience
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17
Q

What does growth do for a child?

A

Gives them greater force

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18
Q

What does experience do for a child?

A

Allows them to execute skills with greater proficiency

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19
Q

Do children have a lot of ROM?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What can teenagers do that children can’t?

A

Throw proficiently

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21
Q

What can adults do that children can’t?

A

Use their legs, CNS, and balance as a multifunctional unit to receive increased ROM on the throw

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22
Q

Are changes predictable in movement?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What are changes in movement based on?

A

Optimizing principles of motion and stability

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24
Q

What are 3 outputs as you get better at your motion?

A
  1. Force
  2. Velocity
  3. Accuracy
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25
Q

What kind of constraints are principles of motion and stability?

A

Environmental constraints

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26
Q

What is Newton’s 1st Law?

A

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by an outside force

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27
Q

What would a force do to anything undergoing Newton’s 1st Law?

A
  1. Move something standing still

2. Change direction of something moving

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28
Q

What is inertia?

A

Resistance to motion related to mass

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29
Q

What is momentum?

A

Product of mass and velocity

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30
Q

What must you exert force to do?

A

Move objects and yourself

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31
Q

What does more inertia cause?

A

Difficulty to move

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32
Q

What does inertia require?

A

More force application

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33
Q

What does a child have to learn about inertia?

A

Objects will keep moving forward without resistance if they are swung forward at a fast enough pace (i.e. baseball bat)

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34
Q

What does a child need in order to control inertia first?

A

Strength

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35
Q

What must the child learn about momentum?

A

Hitting something with more power will allow for greater contact and greater velocity on the object

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36
Q

What does momentum cause in terms of force?

A

Rotational force

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37
Q

Does moving an object farther or faster require increased force?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Does moving an object farther or faster require a decreased or increased distance over which force is applied?

A

Increased distance

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39
Q

Does moving an object farther or faster increase the stop length linearly?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What does increasing the ROM and rotational distance do to an object?

A

Moves it farther and faster

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41
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd law?

A

Object’s force is related to mass and acceleration

42
Q

What is the 2nd law equation?

A

F = ma

43
Q

What does the 2nd law equation mean?

A

Object’s acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely related to the mass

44
Q

What can a person only throw as hard as?

A

A person can only throw as hard as he or she can generate force in their arm

45
Q

When would you require more force?

A

When throwing a heavier ball or when kicking a ball to make it go farther

46
Q

How could you increase acceleration when throwing at a constant force level?

A
  1. Lighter ball

2. Trajectory

47
Q

Is there a relationship between force and distance?

A

Yes

48
Q

How can you increase linear distance?

A

Using force from your legs

49
Q

How can you increase rotational/angular distance?

A

Using increased ROM

50
Q

How do you increase your ROM?

A

You use a predatory windup for more velocity

51
Q

What is the optimal relationship for throwing?

A

Preparation and application of force with ROM

52
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

53
Q

What are 3 environmental constraints in terms of motion?

A
  1. Inertia
  2. Acceleration
  3. Action-reaction
54
Q

Where and why is the force directed the way it is when kids walk?

A

It is directed downwards to avoid compromising balance

55
Q

What is the downfall of downwards walking force?

A

Progression is slow

56
Q

Where and why is the force directed the way it is when adults walk?

A

It is directed backwards in order to move forwards

57
Q

What is an oppositional movement?

A

When one body part moves backwards causing the other body to move forwards in unison

58
Q

Where are oppositional movements used?

A

Locomotor skills

59
Q

What is an example of oppositional movement?

A

Running

60
Q

What does force generation allow you to do?

A

Move forward on the path to proficiency

61
Q

What is force generation aided by?

A

Planar movements

62
Q

What are planar movements?

A

Force used in the plane of motion where you want to move yourself or an object

63
Q

What should you avoid in force generation?

A

Rotational movements that reduce the force in the desired plane

64
Q

How can you increase velocity?

A

Rotating limbs

65
Q

What is rotational movement?

A

Relationship between velocity of rotating arm and velocity of projected object

66
Q

What does rotational movement cause?

A

Increase in rotational velocity to swing objects faster

67
Q

What is linear velocity a product of?

A

Rotational velocity and the radius of rotation

68
Q

When does rotational movement occur?

A

When limbs rotate around one or several joints

69
Q

What should you do with your limbs before release or contact?

A

Increase relative length and extend the limb to optimize performance

70
Q

What is an example of extension of the limbs?

A

Tennis players hitting a serve in a fully extended position for increased velocity

71
Q

Why would you not just keep your limbs extended throughout?

A

As limb length increases for a given mass then so does the resistance to motion

72
Q

What is the issue between extension of limbs?

A

Inertia vs. rotational motion

73
Q

What does resistance of motion require?

A

Increased energy

74
Q

What does bending the limb do?

A

Decreases and conserves the energy necessary to move the limb

75
Q

What are 2 examples of athletes who extend their limbs for a brief period of time for increased velocity?

A
  1. Sprinters

2. Baseball players

76
Q

What is the open kinetic chain?

A

Force of succeeding movements accelerating an object

77
Q

What are 2 characteristics that will lead to proficiency of the open kinetic chain?

A
  1. Optimal sequence

2. Timing

78
Q

What happens when you increase force application for a given time?

A

An object will keep moving

79
Q

What happens when you increase time over which a given force is applied?

A

An object will stop

80
Q

What law has to do with absorbing force?

A

3rd law

81
Q

How do you absorb force?

A

Bending limbs

82
Q

What are 2 ways you can decrease the impact of force?

A
  1. Increase time over occurrence of impact

2. Increase area over occurrence of impact

83
Q

What does absorbing force allow?

A

Prevention of injuries to maximize performance

84
Q

What developmental skill is used in learning how to absorb force?

A

Proprioception

85
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sense of relative position of one’s own body parts

86
Q

What is stability?

A

Ability to resist movement

87
Q

What is balance?

A

Ability to maintain equilibrium

88
Q

What do you have when you powerlifting or golf?

A

Stability

89
Q

What are you doing when you wrestle?

A

Disturbing someone else’s stability

90
Q

What are you doing when you do gymnastics or skate?

A

Maintaining balance in an unstable position

91
Q

What is the relationship between stability and balance?

A

When you increase stability you ensure balance but when you are balanced it does not guarantee stability

92
Q

What is the stability mobility trade off?

A

Stability and mobility can inhibit each other

93
Q

When you are stable what is occurring?

A

You have a low COG and are inside your base of support

94
Q

Why would minimal stability increase mobility?

A

Narrowed base of support allows for more dynamic mobility

95
Q

Through experience and practice with narrowing the base of support, what can you do?

A

Increase mobility and agility

96
Q

What are you doing to your base of support when you increase stability?

A

Increasing the base

97
Q

What do infants tend to do in terms of stability and mobility?

A

They limi their mobility and increase their base of support to balance by keeping COG inside

98
Q

What does increased balance allow?

A

Increased stability and an improvement in strength, coordination, and proprioception

99
Q

Can you detect and correct errors?

A

Yes

100
Q

Will everyone become proficient at mobility and stability principles?

A

No

101
Q

Do principles of motion and stability apply to all actions and objects?

A

Yes

102
Q

What can performers take advantage of in order to increase force or velocity?

A

Principles of motion

Motor Development 261 (4 decks)

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