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Motor Development 261 > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is locomotion?

A

Moving from place to place

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2
Q

What number of limbs does it involve moving on?

A

1, 2, or 4

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3
Q

What are some examples of locomotion?

A

Crawling, creeping, walking, running, hopping, skipping, galloping

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4
Q

For development of locomotion, do certain motor milestones need to be achieved?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What system needs to be developed to support yourself in movement?

A

Musculoskeletal - strength

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6
Q

How does locomotion improve?

A

By uncoupling limbs normally moving in unison in infants

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7
Q

Is environmental affordance important in locomotion?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the 2 most common kinds of early locomotion?

A

Crawling and creeping

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9
Q

What is crawling?

A

Moving on hands and abdomen

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10
Q

What is crawling also called?

A

Commando crawl

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11
Q

What is creeping?

A

Moving on hands and knees

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12
Q

What do crawling and creeping reflect the development of?

A

Muscle strength, balance, and hand preference

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13
Q

What are 3 rate limiters to upright walking in infants?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Balance
  3. Coordination
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14
Q

What is the quadrupedal gait?

A

Walking on hands and feet

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15
Q

What kind of constraints could cause quadrupedal gaits?

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Sociocultural environment
  3. Structural
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16
Q

What is the first form of upright, bipedal locomotion?

A

Walking

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17
Q

What 2 things is walking defined by?

A
  1. 50% phasing of legs

2. Periods of double support with both feet on the ground followed by periods of single support

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18
Q

What is the most typical pattern of early walking?

A

Maximizing stability and balance

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19
Q

What is limited, shortened, and widened in early walking?

A

Range of leg motion, stride length, and base of support

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20
Q

What do arms look like in early walking?

A

High guard

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21
Q

What do feet look like in early walking?

A

Out toed and spread wide apart

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22
Q

What is the opening of the pelvis in early walkers compensated by?

A

Large rotations of hip joint

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23
Q

What kind of stepping do early walkers have?

A

Alternate

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24
Q

What are the rate limiters of early walking?

A

Strength and balance

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25
Q

What do you trade off in proficient walking?

A

Stability for mobility

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26
Q

What is increased and what is reduced in proficient walking?

A

Stride length and base of support

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27
Q

Is the pelvis rotated in proficient walking?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What does the arm swing look like in proficient walking?

A

Synchronous

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29
Q

Is there opposition of arms to legs in proficient walking?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Is there double knee lock in proficient walking?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What is maximized in later walking?

A

Stability

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32
Q

Is the stride length increased or decreased in later walking?

A

Decreased - shortened

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33
Q

Does out toe-ing occur in later walking?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What is reduced at push off in later walking?

A

Ankle extension

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35
Q

What 2 other things are decreased in later walking?

A
  1. Pelvic rotation

2. Speed

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36
Q

Are objects used as balance aids in later walking?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What 2 things could be done in later walking to promote push off and prevent out toeing?

A
  1. Increasing leg strength

2. Improving balance

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38
Q

What are 2 rate controllers in later walking?

A
  1. Disuse

2. Fear of falls

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39
Q

When does running occur?

A

6-7mo after walking starts

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40
Q

What 2 things is running defined as?

A
  1. 50% phasing of legs

2. Flight phase followed by single support

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41
Q

Does the life span changes in running resemble many of the changes in walking?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What is the tradeoff in early running?

A

Stability over mobility

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43
Q

What kind of behaviours return in early running?

A

Older behaviours of concepts similar to infant walking

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44
Q

Where are the arms in early running?

A

High guard

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45
Q

Is there limited ROM in early running?

A

Yes

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46
Q

What is the stride length like in early running?

A

Short

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47
Q

Is there a lot of flight in early running?

A

No

48
Q

What is the leg on the recovery swing like in early running?

A

Stiff

49
Q

How can you characterize running in early years?

A
  1. Short step

2. Flat footed

50
Q

What is the tradeoff in proficient running?

A

Mobility over stability

51
Q

What is the stride length like in proficient running?

A

Increased

52
Q

What kind of movement is proficient running?

A

Planar movement

53
Q

What is the base of support like in proficient running?

A

Narrow

54
Q

Is there trunk rotation and opposition in proficient running?

A

Yes

55
Q

What is the tradeoff in later running?

A

Stability and balance over mobility

56
Q

What 4 characteristics tend to decrease in later running?

A
  1. Stride length
  2. ROM
  3. Number of strides
  4. Speed
57
Q

What are the rate controllers in later running?

A

Balance and strength

58
Q

What is the most beneficial activity to allowing seniors to run for years?

A

Exercise

59
Q

What is the difference in the muscle system between a new walker and running?

A

Strength has increased

60
Q

What is the difference in balance between a new walker and running?

A

More coordination

61
Q

What is the difference in how the body is positioned between a new walker and running?

A
  1. Arms at guard

2. Feet placement

62
Q

Does opposition increase from new walking to running?

A

Yes

63
Q

What is the tradeoff from walking to running?

A

Mobility over stability

64
Q

What is allowing the body to adapt to changes of the body per the space?

A

Proprioception

65
Q

What is defined as jumping?

A

Individual propels self off ground with one or two feet and lands on two feet

66
Q

What is defined as hopping?

A

Individual propels self off ground with one foot and lands on the same foot

67
Q

What is defined as leaping?

A

Individual propels self off ground with one foot and extends their flight period to land on the opposite foot

68
Q

When do children begin jumping?

A

Before age 2

69
Q

What are the 2 kinds of jumps?

A
  1. Vertical

2. Horizontal

70
Q

What kind of jumping do you see in early jumpers?

A

Vertical jumps that are taken off of one foot or are landing on one foot

71
Q

Are there preparatory movements in early jumping?

A

No

72
Q

What will maximize takeoff force in a proficient jumper?

A

Prepatory crouch

73
Q

Do both feet leave the ground at the same time in proficient jumpers?

A

Yes

74
Q

Is there an arm swing in proficient jumpers?

A

Yes

75
Q

Where is the force directed in vertical jumps?

A

Force is downward and body is extended

76
Q

Where is the force directed in horizontal jumps?

A

Force is downward and backwards and knees flex in flight

77
Q

When does hopping begin?

A

After jumping

78
Q

What does the support leg do in early hopping?

A

It is lifted rather than used to project

79
Q

Are the arms active in early hopping?

A

No

80
Q

What does the swing leg do in early hopping?

A

Held rigidly in front of the body

81
Q

What does the swing leg do in proficient hopping?

A

It leads the hip and moves through a full ROM

82
Q

What does the support leg do in proficient hopping?

A

It extends fully at the hip and is flexed upon landing

83
Q

What generates force in proficient hopping?

A

Oppositional arm movement

84
Q

What are the 2 main rate limiters in jumping and hopping?

A
  1. Incomplete leg extension at takeoff

2. Little assistance from arm swing

85
Q

Is force production important in jumping and hopping?

A

Yes

86
Q

What could force production be linked to in terms of a rate limiter?

A

Strength

87
Q

What other 2 rate limiters are present in hopping?

A
  1. Balance to land on one foot

2. Force absorption to land on the same leg

88
Q

What should be prepared in jumping and hopping?

A

Leg flexion and coordination

89
Q

What happens when there is a change of constraints in locomotion?

A

Change of developmental levels

90
Q

What is adaptation in terms of locomotion?

A

Changing individual constraints with principles of motion and stability

91
Q

What could prevent hopping in older adults?

A

Rehabilitation

92
Q

What must be decided in children before hopping?

A

Preferred vs. non preferred legs

93
Q

What kind of takeoff do you get if you do not transfer weight in hopping?

A

Projected takeoff

94
Q

Where should the weight be in hopping upon takeoff?

A

On the ball of the foot

95
Q

What will occur if weight is transferred by the swing leg?

A

Projection delay

96
Q

What is the active bilateral arm action called in hopping?

A

Bilateral assist and reactive

97
Q

What is one arm opposition?

A

Semi opposition

98
Q

Do galloping, sliding, and skipping all involve a combo of skills previously attained?

A

Yes

99
Q

What is defined as a gallop?

A

Forward step on one foot and leap-step on the other

100
Q

What is defined as a slide?

A

Sideways step on one foot and leap-step on the other

101
Q

What are galloping and sliding defined as together?

A

Asymmetrical gaits

102
Q

What is defined as a skip?

A

A symmetric alternating of step hops on one foot then the other

103
Q

Which is developed first in sliding, galloping, and skipping?

A
  1. Galloping
  2. Sliding
  3. Skipping
104
Q

Is there a lot fo arm movement in early galloping, sliding, or skipping?

A

Little to none

105
Q

What is the vertical lift like in early G, S, and Sk?

A

Exaggeration

106
Q

What is the trunk rotation like in early, G, S, and Sk?

A

Little to none

107
Q

How long is the stride length in early G, S, and Sk?

A

Short

108
Q

What are 3 components of the skill patterns in proficient galloping, sliding, and skipping?

A
  1. Knees give upon landing
  2. Movements are rhythmic
  3. Heel to foot landings
109
Q

Can individuals lead with either leg in G, S, and Sk?

A

Yes

110
Q

What is the arm swing in proficient skipping?

A

Oppositional

111
Q

What are the rate controllers in galloping?

A
  1. Coordination

2. Differential force production

112
Q

What are the rate controllers in sliding?

A

Coordination on one side

113
Q

What are the rate controllers in skipping?

A
  1. Coordination

2. Performing 2 tasks with 1 leg

114
Q

What is the main rate limiter for all locomotion?

A

Neuromuscular system development

115
Q

What is the developmental appearance in locomotion?

A
  1. Crawling
  2. Creeping
  3. Walking
  4. Running
  5. Jumping
  6. Galloping
  7. Hopping
  8. Sliding
  9. Skipping
116
Q

What are 2 patterns of change in locomotor skills?

A
  1. Narrowed base of support for mobility

2. Widened base of support for stability

117
Q

Why does everybody walk?

A
  1. Uses the least energy
  2. Most efficient
  3. Not as complex
  4. Socially acceptable

Motor Development 261 (4 decks)

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