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Motor Development 261 > Early Motor Development > Flashcards

Early Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1st level of the Model of Clark?

A

Reflexive period

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2
Q

When and what is occurring in the reflexive period?

A
  1. Birth to 2 weeks

2. Information decoding and encoding

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3
Q

What is the 2nd level of the Model of Clark?

A

Preadapted period

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4
Q

When and what is occurring in the reflexive period?

A
  1. 2weeks to 1yo

2. Reflex inhibition

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5
Q

What is the 3rd level of the Model of Clark?

A

Fundamental motor patterns

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6
Q

When and what is occurring in the fundamental motor pattern stage?

A
  1. 1-7yo

2. Pre control, initial, and emerging elementary stages that become proficient between 5-7yo

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7
Q

What is the 4th level of the Model of Clark?

A

Context Specific Motor Skills

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8
Q

When and what is occurring in the context specific motor skills stage?

A
  1. 7-11yo

2. Transitioning

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9
Q

What is the 5th level of the Model of Clark?

A

Skillfulness

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10
Q

When and what is occurring in the skilfulness stage?

A
  1. 11yo+

2. Lifelong utilization and application

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of early motor behaviour?

A
  1. Reflexive

2. Spontaneous

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12
Q

What is a reflexive movement?

A

Stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli

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13
Q

What is a spontaneous movement?

A

Movements not caused by known external stimuli

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14
Q

What is another word for spontaneous movements?

A

Stereotypies

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15
Q

Do movements occur in fairly predictable orders and timing?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is the most valid theory for early motor development?

A

Ecological perspective

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17
Q

What is the definition of a motor stereotypie?

A

Patterned and periodic movement

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18
Q

What is the original theory for a motor stereotypie?

A

Extraneous and has no purpose

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19
Q

When do stereotypies start?

A

24 months

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20
Q

What is a tic?

A

Consistent and fixed patterns of movement not linked to sensory stimulations

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21
Q

When do tics appear?

A

5-7yo

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22
Q

What is an example of a tic?

A

Scratching nose or tapping foot incessantly

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23
Q

What is the current theory for a motor stereotypie?

A

Building blocks to some voluntary movements

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24
Q

What are 2 examples of a stereotypie?

A
  1. Spontaneous arm movements that resemble reaching

2. Spontaneous kicking that resembles adult walking

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25
Q

What do newborns tend to do even though they are quite weak?

A

They exhibit underlying rhythmic coordination in the limbs rather than precise movements

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26
Q

What do the coordination patterns that newborns show resemble?

A

Future voluntary movement

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27
Q

Explain how an infant kicking is related to walking in an adult

A

The baby kicks from an extended position and flexes the hip and knee while dorsiflexing the ankle. After a slight pause, they begin to extend their hip and knee and plantar flex the ankle

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28
Q

What happens at the end of the extension phase?

A

Between kick interval

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29
Q

What does the between kick interval suggest?

A

Walking patterns

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30
Q

What is different about the infants kicking over the adults walking?

A

Infants co contract the flexor and extensor joints in unison while the adults perform sequential movements of the joints

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31
Q

What are 2 other types of stereotypies?

A
  1. Head banging

2. Hand flapping

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32
Q

What is the importance of stereotypies?

A

They are found in typically developing children but they can also occur in secondary aetiologies where kids might have autism, mental retardation, sensory deprivation or stress

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33
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Involuntary movements occurring quickly after the onset of a stimuli

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34
Q

Do reflexes involve the whole body?

A

No - only a single muscle or group of muscles

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35
Q

Can reflexes be extinguished?

A

No

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36
Q

What does persistence of reflexes suggest?

A

Neurological problems

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37
Q

When are reflexes most strong?

A

At birth

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38
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex?

A

It is a built in response to facilitate survival

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39
Q

What do reflexes allow with the environment?

A

Dialogue

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40
Q

What do reflexes result in?

A

Sensory consequences and adaptations

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41
Q

What do reflexes provide building blocks to

A

Future movements

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of reflexes?

A
  1. Primitive
  2. Locomotor
  3. Postural
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43
Q

What is a primitive reflex?

A

A reflex mediated by lower brain centers that is specific and localized and will elicit the same response every time

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44
Q

What is asymmetrical tonic neck?

A

When an infant is laying supine and they turn their head to one side, their same side arm and leg will extend to block rotation

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45
Q

What is a symmetrical tonic neck?

A

When an infant is in a sitting position and extend/flex their head which causes their arms to extend and legs flex/arms to flex and legs extend

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46
Q

What is a doll eye reflex?

A

When an infant flexes their head and they look upwards

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47
Q

What is palmar grasping?

A

When an infant feels a touch on their finger, they will close their hand tightly around it

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48
Q

What is moro reflex?

A

When an infant is in a supine position and their head is shaken gently which will cause their arms, legs, and fingers to all extend and then flex

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49
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

When an infant is touched on the face or above/below their lips, they will begin sucking motions

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50
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

When an infant is stroked on the sole of their foot at the heel and will extend their toes as a response

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51
Q

What is the babinski reflex relevant for today?

A

If the babinski reflex is positive in someone with a head trauma, it indicates they might have a CNS injury that has returned from infancy

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52
Q

What is the stepping reflex?

A

When an infant’s soles are placed on a flat surface and their legs begin to move in a walking pattern

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53
Q

What is the searching reflex?

A

When an infant’s cheek is touched with a smooth object and their head turns to the side

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54
Q

What is the palmar mandibular reflex?

A

When the infant has pressure applied to both palms which causes their mouth to open, eyes to close, and head to flex

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55
Q

What is the plantar grasping reflex?

A

When the infant’s ball of their feet is stroked and their toes contract around the object

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56
Q

What is the startle reflex?

A

When the infant is in a supine position and their abdomen is tapped and their response is to flex their arms and legs

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57
Q

What does it mean if infantile primitive reflexes occur past their allotted time?

A

It could be warning sign to abnormal motor development

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58
Q

What kind of abnormalities in reflexes could there be?

A
  1. Absence

2. Asymmetrical

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59
Q

What are the constraints in the reflexive period?

A
  1. Structural
  2. Functional
  3. Environmental
  4. Task
60
Q

What kind of voluntary movement is linked to palmar grasping?

A

Reaching

61
Q

What kind of voluntary movement is linked to startle or moro?

A

Catching yourself when startled

62
Q

What kind of voluntary movement is linked to the stepping reflex?

A

Walking

63
Q

What occurs in later infancy?

A

The infant will have voluntary control over their movements and will understand interactions and their environment better

64
Q

What is a postural reflex?

A

Maintaining posture in a changing environment

65
Q

When do postural reflexes occur?

A

4 months

66
Q

What is different from postural reflexes to primitive reflexes?

A

Postural reflexes will be incorporated into the child’s general repertoire

67
Q

When do gravity reflexes occur?

A

After 2mo but before 18mo

68
Q

What are gravity reflexes overrides by?

A

voluntary movements

69
Q

When will gravity reflexes come back?

A

When an individual i s thrown unexpectedly off balance

70
Q

What is derotative righting?

A

the infant begins in a supine position and when their legs and pelvis are turned to one side it will cause their trunk and head to follow the rotation

71
Q

What is labyrinthine righting?

A

When the infant is supported upright and once they are tilted, their head will move and stay upright to the body

72
Q

What is a pull up reflex?

A

Tipping the infant backward or forward to see their arms flex

73
Q

What is a parachute reflex?

A

When the infant is held upright and once they are lowered toward the ground rapidly, they will extend their legs. A variation is when the infant is tilted forward causing their arms to extend

74
Q

What is a locomotor reflex?

A

A resemblance of voluntary locomotor movements that appear and disappear before infants acquire the voluntary movement

75
Q

What are 3 examples of locomotor reflexes?

A
  1. Crawling
  2. Stepping
  3. Swimming
76
Q

what is indicative of the voluntary movement of walking?

A

Stepping reflex

77
Q

When do primitive reflexes disappear?

A

2 weeks

78
Q

What do infants do to modify movement outcome?

A

They adapt their reflexes

79
Q

What is an example of an infant adapting their reflex?

A

By sucking faster, they will get a faster supply of milk from the mother

80
Q

What are 2 deviations to typical development that could indicate neurological disorders?

A
  1. Reapperance of the reflex when it isn’t needed

2. Disappearance of the reflex when it should be used

81
Q

What is assessing neurological status a result of?

A

interacting constraints

82
Q

Is it difficult to establish the exact time a reflex disappears?

A

Yes - varies with each kid

83
Q

What do maturationists believe about reflexes and their voluntary movement connection?

A

They believe that it is inhibited by CNS development

84
Q

What is motor interference?

A

A theory projected by maturationists that says that no voluntary movement will appear until the reflex fully disappears

85
Q

What do ecological scientists believe?

A

Involuntary reflex is transformed into voluntary movement

86
Q

Why would reflex disappearances occur?

A

Disuse and rate limiters

87
Q

Is the period of reflex inhibition before voluntary skill onset as thought to happen by maturationists necessary?

A

No

88
Q

What is systematic stimulation?

A

When, say, a locomotor reflex enhances voluntary locomotion

89
Q

Why would a rate limiter affect disappearances?

A

The change in structural constraints or environmental constraints would possibly prevent the infant from attaining the reflex

90
Q

What needs to be done in order to perform the reflex in terms of the systems?

A

All systems need to grow and develop

91
Q

What happens when you elicit daily stepping reflexes in infants?

A

They increase their stepping reflex and will have an earlier onset of walking

92
Q

What is the structural explanation for a reflex?

A

Reflexes are a byproduct of the NS and reflect the structure of the NS and the way humans are wired

93
Q

What is the functional explanation for a reflex?

A

Reflexes help an infant survive

94
Q

What is the applied explanation for a reflex?

A

Reflexes lead to voluntary skills and gives them an opportunity to practice coordinated movements

95
Q

What is a motor milestone?

A

Fundamental motor skill that is a building block leading to complex motor skills

96
Q

What are 2 things that define motor milestones?

A
  1. Cumulative

2. Sequential

97
Q

What does the attainment of an MM associate to later?

A

Acquisition of later voluntary movements

98
Q

Is the order in which an infant attains milestones consistent?

A

Yes

99
Q

Are motor milestones specific movements that lead to general actions?

A

Yes

100
Q

What is an example of MM’s leading to general actions?

A
  1. Holding head erect
  2. holding trunk upright
  3. Standing
  4. Walking
101
Q

Is there a secular trend for motor milestones?

A

No

102
Q

What is secular?

A

Universal decreasing with age

103
Q

What is the trend of motor milestones?

A

They are being attained at the same age as infants did 80 years ago

104
Q

What will affect motor milestones?

A

Changes in constraints either individually or culturally

105
Q

What does down syndrome do to infants MM’s?

A

Down syndromic kids have hypotonia which is low muscle tone and will affect their ability to do some MM’s

106
Q

What is the 1st child syndrome?

A

Mother carries child all the time

107
Q

What effect does 1st child syndrome have?

A

The appearance of crawling will come late because they do not build muscle strength

108
Q

Could certain milestones be rate limiters on others?

A

Yes

109
Q

True or false: voluntary movements acquired during infancy appear in a sequence of these MM’s that likely reflect changing individual constraints

A

True

110
Q

What are 4 examples of individual constraints in MM’s?

A
  1. Maturation of CNS
  2. Development of strength and endurance
  3. Development of posture and balance
  4. Improvements of sensory processing
111
Q

What posture MM happens at 2mo?

A

Lifts head in prone position

112
Q

When does lifting shoulders and turning head happen?

A

3mo

113
Q

When does rolling over and sitting unsupported happen?

A

5mo

114
Q

When do babies creep?

A

8mo

115
Q

What happens at 7mo?

A

Babies will get on their hands and knees

116
Q

What is creeping?

A

Moving on hands and knees

117
Q

What is crawling?

A

Moving on arms and abdomen

118
Q

What happens at 9mo?

A

Pull to stand and cruise furniture

119
Q

When do babies stand alone?

A

10mo

120
Q

What happens at 12mo?

A

Babies walk alone

121
Q

What happens to an infant’s spinal cord?

A

It changes from a primary kyphotic concave curve to a secondary lordotic convex curve

122
Q

What is the order of how the spinal cord looks?

A
  1. Cervical convex
  2. Thoracic concave
  3. Lumbar convex
  4. Sacral concave
123
Q

Will moving the baby’s chin up contract the muscles and cause extensions to the shape of the cervical spine?

A

Yes

124
Q

Who are at risk of poor developmental outcomes?

A

Preterm and low weight babies

125
Q

Should you record MM?

A

Yes

126
Q

Why are preterm babies at risk?

A

Their brain tissue surrounding the ventricles is most susceptible to injury and is very fragile

127
Q

What travels in the ventricles?

A

Pyramidal tracks

128
Q

What must be standardized for preterm babies?

A

Their time of day for feeding and the presence of motivation or stress in the environment from their caregiver

129
Q

What does entering data of MM’s do?

A

Compares the typical age range for each action of a child

130
Q

What is a rate controller?

A

Individual constraints that inhibit or slow the attainment of a motor skill

131
Q

Are rate limiters rapidly changing in childhood?

A

Yes

132
Q

What important rate limiter is in crawling?

A

Muscle strength

133
Q

What important rate limiter is in reaching?

A

Motivation or stimulation

134
Q

What important rate limiter is in walking?

A

coordination or balance

135
Q

What do rate limiters for posture and balance appear to involve?

A

A coupling of sensory and motor responses

136
Q

What is the rate limiter for postural control and balance?

A

Proprioception

137
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sense in perceiving position and movement

138
Q

What happens when you place an infant in a room where the walls and ceiling start moving?

A

The visual information makes it seem as if the body is moving because of the moving environment but the kinaesthetic information makes it seem as if the body is not because the baby is stationary

139
Q

What is the infant’s response to the moving walls?

A

They activate their muscles to regain their starting posture because their visual response takes over the kinaesthetic

140
Q

Do infants continuously calibrate sensory motor responses?

A

Yes

141
Q

Why is mobility important to infants?

A

They need to explore the environment independently through their ability to move

142
Q

Does moving increase new perceptions?

A

Yes - environmental factors shape the CNS

143
Q

What do mobility limitations do to children?

A

They change their cognition, attention, spatial awareness, visual perception, postural responses, and social/emotional development

144
Q

What occurs in ASD children?

A

Gross motor skills are correlated with deficiency severity

145
Q

What actions do ASD children have trouble doing?

A

Tying shoes, riding bikes, playing baseball

146
Q

What was the initiative of Babies Gone Wild?

A

Using interacting constraints to allow young infants with autism the ability to “drive”

147
Q

What was the hopeful outcome of Babies Gone Wild?

A

Assessing distance and improving depth and proprioception while using visual and auditory senses

Motor Development 261 (4 decks)

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