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Psychology > Principles Of Learning > Flashcards

Principles Of Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link to her more stimuli and anticipate events

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

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5
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit some more response

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6
Q

Token economy

A

In operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and then later exchange the tokens for various privileges

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7
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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8
Q

Instrumental learning

A

A form of learning that takes place as a direct consequence of a reward

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9
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior

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10
Q

Punishment

A

Decreasing the likelihood of an undesired behavior

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11
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one biological need

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12
Q

Fixed-ratio

A

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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13
Q

Robert rescorla

A

American psychologist that specialized in the processes in classical conditioning focusing on animal learning and behavior

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14
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism and promoted the concept known as latent learning

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15
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others (social learning)

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16
Q

Martin seligman

A

His theory of learned helplessness is popular among in clinical psychology

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

The first stages of learning when a response is established

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18
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response

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19
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Classical conditioning- a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally- triggers a response

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a response

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21
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

The correlation of the taste of liquid or food with a negative stimulant

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22
Q

Flooding

A

A form of behavior therapy where a person is exposed directly to a maximum intensity anxiety-producing situation

23
Q

Discrimination

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

24
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

25
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food

26
Q

Positive punishment

A

Decreases frequency (behavior) when an unpleasant stimulus is presented

27
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

A situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

28
Q

Fixed interval

A

In operant conditioning- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specific time has elapsed

29
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

A type of conditioning in which the subject is trained to respond or behave to an unpleasant event by avoiding the aversive stimulus

30
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

31
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

32
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The unlearned response - occurs naturally (dog salivating to the treat)

33
Q

Conditioned response

A

The behavior elicited by the conditioned stimulus (salivation when the bell rings)

34
Q

Operant chamber

A

An operant conditioning chamber used to study animal behavior

35
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Given only part of the time a subject gives the desired response

36
Q

Shaping

A

Method of behavior training in which reinforcement is given for closer approximations of the desired target behavior

37
Q

Counterconditioning

A

A technique employee in animal training, and in the treatment of phobias and similar conditions in humans -attempts to replace bad emotional responses

38
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

38
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

39
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases frequency of behavior when pleasant stimulus is presented

40
Q

Negative punishment

A

Decrease frequency of behavior when pleasant stimulus is removed

41
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

42
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

I’m operant conditioning- reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

43
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Subject learns to perform a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus by escaping from it

44
Q

Cognitive maps

A

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

45
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

46
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

47
Q

John Watson

A

Most famous for his ethically challenged experiment with little Albert

48
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Demonstrated superstitious behavior in a pigeon and his explanation for how humans become superstitious in the same way

49
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian psychologist- showed experimenting with dogs (classical conditioning)

50
Q

Edward thorndike

A

Famous for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning

51
Q

Variable interval

A

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

52
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Known for his social learning theory- learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors

Psychology (4 decks)

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