Principles of Learning Flashcards
Principles of Classical Conditioning Principles of Operant Conditioning Principles of Observational Learning
Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiments lead to the theoretical basis for _________________.
Classical conditioning
What are the five elements of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Little Albert’s Fear of white rats is an example of ________________
Classical conditioning
As it relates to learning, habituation is what?
The decreasing strength of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Q
As it relates to learning, a stimulus is what?
Something that elicits a response or reaction.
Classical conditioning was discovered from which experiment in the 1890s?
Classical conditioning
_________ conditioning focuses on reflexive (involuntary) responses, while ____________ conditioning focuses on non-reflexive (voluntary) behaviours.
Classical, operant
ADDING something pleasant is _______________ reinforcement.
Positive
REMOVING something unpleasant is _______________ reinforcement.
Negative
ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.
Positive
REMOVING something pleasant is _______________ punishment.
Negative
A Skinner Box was used to demonstrate ______________ conditioning
Operant
Positive and negative reinforcement is an example of ______________ conditioning
Operant
Reinforcement and punishment are examples of __________________.
Operant conditioning
The ‘token economy’ is used in _______________ conditioning.
Operant
Monitoring your heart rate on a smart watch is an example of ________________.
Biofeedback
In negative reinforcement, an increase in behaviour follows….
The removal of something adverse
The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
Reinforcement that provides a reward for a certain percentage of responses, but the number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable.
Variable ratio
Schedule of reinforcement connects reinforcement to an average interval of time but the exact time when reinforcement will be presented is unpredictable.
Variable interval
When a stimulus is presented/encountered repeatedly, and the response to it weakens
Habituation
The two types of associative learning (learning by association)
Classical conditioning & operant conditioning
The pairing of two stimuli (CS & UCS)
Reinforcement
______________ results in the gradual weakening & disappearance of a response
Extinction
When a similar stimulus also elicits the conditioned response even if they were never paired with the UCS is called _____________,
Generalisation
___________ is when a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and a not to similar stimulus.
Discrimination
In operant conditioning, ____________ is the initial stage of learning a new pattern of responding
Acquisition
____________ occurs if the organism still makes responses after reinforcement has stopped
Resistance to extinction
A token economy programme is an example of
Secondary reinforcement
In classical conditioning, a ___________ stimulus becomes a _____________ stimulus after conditioning has occurred.
neutral, conditioned
______________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant
In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has increased, ______________ must have been used.
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has decreased, ______________ must have been used.
Punishment
What involves adding something desirable to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
Positive reinforcement
What involves removing something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
Negative punishment
What involves removing something unpleasant to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
What involves adding something unpleasant to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
Positive punishment
Occurs when responding is influenced by observation of
others (‘models’)
Observational learning
____________ occurs when an event following a response increases the tendency to make that response
Reinforcement
_____________ occurs when an event following a response decreases the tendency to make that response
Punishment
Stimuli that precede a response that can also influence operant behaviour
Discriminative stimuli
A type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses
Biofeedback
In this schedule, reinforcement is delivered after the completion of a number of responses. The required number of responses remains constant.
Fixed ratio (FR)
A schedule of reinforcement where a behaviour is reinforced after a random number of responses.
Variable ratio (VR)
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response is reinforced only after a set amount of time has elapsed.
Fixed interval (FI)
A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Variable interval (VI)
The process of training a learned behaviour that would not normally occur. For each action closer to the desired outcome, a reinforcement or reward is provided until the target behaviour is achieved.
Shaping
A reward system used in a behaviour modification programs. It involves providing tangible rewards (tokens, food, stickers, etc.) for positive behaviours.
Token economy programmes
Educational technique characterised by self-paced, self-administered instruction presented in logical sequence and with much repetition of concepts.
Programmed learning
Technique where people can
‘recondition’ themselves to produce more ‘desirable’ behaviours (e.g. fewer cigarettes or cups of coffee,
more time spent studying), since “what is learned can be unlearned”
Behaviour modification
Four necessary components for successful modelling:
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation
