Principles of Injury and Injury Prevention Flashcards
state what it is meant by the key term - Injury
an injury is any bodily damage caused by a factor of energy that exceeded the ability to maintain structure and/or functional integrity
how do we get injured ? (3 points)
- humans can perform a large range of tasks
- elite and recreational athletes push the limits of our bodily systems
- structural abnormalities, structural weaknesses, unsafe environments
what is one major consideration to why humans get injured ?
the evolution of the human - what selection pressures have caused the human to evolve
what are the 4 classifications of injuries ?
- traumatic
- overuse
- acute
- chronic/recurrent
state what it is meant by the classification of injury - traumatic injury
a one off overload to the system; often due to the impact mechanism - but not always
state what it is meant by the classification of injury - overuse injury
repeated loading to the system (cyclical); damage builds up over time; symptoms often appear gradually; load not of excessive magnitude can lead to failure
state what it is meant by the classification of injury - acute
first injury episode
state what it is meant by the classification of injury - chromic/recurrent
recurrence of a previous injury
injury severity is usually determined by what ?
time loss period
state the 5 classes of injury severity with reference to the time loss period
- slight = 0-1 days
- minimal = 2-3 days
- mild = 4-7 days
- moderate = 8-18 days
- severe = >28 days
what is the formula for incidence rate ?
R = (number of injuries / total exposure) x 1000
e.g. - (50 / 13,000) x 1000 = 4 injuries per 1000 playing hours
state what it is meant by the key term - injury burden
the injury burden = injury incidence rate x average severity
units = days absence per 1000 playing hours
what are the 4 injury risk factor classifications ?
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- modifiable
- non-modifiable
state what it is meant by the key term - injury prevention
minimising the risk factors in order to reduce the likelihood of injuries
state what is is meant by the key term - macrotrauma
macrotrauma is a specific, sudden episode of overload injury in a tissue, resulting in disrupted tissue integrity
trauma to a bone can be one of what two things ?
- Contusion (bone bruise)
2. Fracture
Joint trauma can be classified as what two in juries ?
- dislocation
- sublaxation
both can result in joint laxity and/or instability
state what is is meant by the key term - dislocation
complete displacement of two or more bone surfaces
state what is is meant by the key term - sublaxation
partial displacement of joint surfaces
what are ligamentous traumas be classified as ?
1st, 2nd or 3rd degree Spains
state what is is meant by the key term - 1st degree ligament strain
partial tear without increased joint instability
state what is is meant by the key term - 2nd degree ligament strain
partial tear with minor joint instability
state what is is meant by the key term - 3rd degree ligament strain
complete tear with full joint instability
what two things can a musculotendinous trauma be classified as ?
- contusion (if the trauma was direct)
2. strain (if the trauma was indirect)
state what is is meant by the key term - muscular contusion
an area od excess accumulation of blood and fluids in the surrounding tissues to the injured areas - it may severely limit the injured muscle’s movement
state what is is meant by the key term - 1st degree muscle strain
a partial tear of individual fibres and is characterised by strong but painful muscle activity
state what is is meant by the key term - 2nd degree muscle strain
a partial tear with weak, painful muscle activity
state what is is meant by the key term - 3rd degree muscle strain
a complete tear of fibres and is manifested by weak, painless muscle activity
what causes a tendon to rupture ?
a tendon will rupture if the tensile load applied is greater than it’s physical limits
why don’t tendons rupture as often as muscles ?
their collagen fibres are far stronger than the muscle fibres. this means failure is more likely to occur in the muscle belly, muscle-tendinous junction, or at the attachment site of tendon to bone
state what is is meant by the key term - microtrauma
overuse injury, results from repeated, abnormal stress applied to a tissue by continuous training or training with too little recovery time
state 3 causes of overuse injuries
- training error (e.g. - poor program design)
- suboptimal training surfaces (e.g. - too hard or uneven)
- faulty biomechanics or performance technique
- insufficient motor control
- reduced flexibility
- skeletal malalignment and predisposition
state what is is meant by the key term - skeletal malalignment
displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints
what is the most common bone and tendon overuse injuries ?
- stress fracture
2. tendinitis
what can tendinitis become if left untreated ?
chronic tendinitis or tendinopathy
state what is is meant by the key term - anthropomorphism
body type and structure
