Principles of Injury and Injury Prevention

Question 1

state what it is meant by the key term - Injury

Answer 1

an injury is any bodily damage caused by a factor of energy that exceeded the ability to maintain structure and/or functional integrity

Question 2

how do we get injured ? (3 points)

Answer 2

1. humans can perform a large range of tasks
2. elite and recreational athletes push the limits of our bodily systems
3. structural abnormalities, structural weaknesses, unsafe environments

Question 3

what is one major consideration to why humans get injured ?

Answer 3

the evolution of the human - what selection pressures have caused the human to evolve

Question 4

what are the 4 classifications of injuries ?

Answer 4

1. traumatic
2. overuse
3. acute
4. chronic/recurrent

Question 5

state what it is meant by the classification of injury - traumatic injury

Answer 5

a one off overload to the system; often due to the impact mechanism - but not always

Question 6

state what it is meant by the classification of injury - overuse injury

Answer 6

repeated loading to the system (cyclical); damage builds up over time; symptoms often appear gradually; load not of excessive magnitude can lead to failure

Question 7

state what it is meant by the classification of injury - acute

Answer 7

first injury episode

Question 8

state what it is meant by the classification of injury - chromic/recurrent

Answer 8

recurrence of a previous injury

Question 9

injury severity is usually determined by what ?

Answer 9

time loss period

Question 10

state the 5 classes of injury severity with reference to the time loss period

Answer 10

1. slight = 0-1 days
2. minimal = 2-3 days
3. mild = 4-7 days
4. moderate = 8-18 days
5. severe = >28 days

Question 11

what is the formula for incidence rate ?

Answer 11

R = (number of injuries / total exposure) x 1000

e.g. - (50 / 13,000) x 1000 = 4 injuries per 1000 playing hours

Question 12

state what it is meant by the key term - injury burden

Answer 12

the injury burden = injury incidence rate x average severity

units = days absence per 1000 playing hours

Question 13

what are the 4 injury risk factor classifications ?

Answer 13

1. intrinsic
2. extrinsic
3. modifiable
4. non-modifiable

Question 14

state what it is meant by the key term - injury prevention

Answer 14

minimising the risk factors in order to reduce the likelihood of injuries

Question 15

state what is is meant by the key term - macrotrauma

Answer 15

macrotrauma is a specific, sudden episode of overload injury in a tissue, resulting in disrupted tissue integrity

Question 16

trauma to a bone can be one of what two things ?

Answer 16

1. Contusion (bone bruise)

2. Fracture

Question 17

Joint trauma can be classified as what two in juries ?

Answer 17

1. dislocation
2. sublaxation

both can result in joint laxity and/or instability

Question 18

state what is is meant by the key term - dislocation

Answer 18

complete displacement of two or more bone surfaces

Question 19

state what is is meant by the key term - sublaxation

Answer 19

partial displacement of joint surfaces

Question 20

what are ligamentous traumas be classified as ?

Answer 20

1st, 2nd or 3rd degree Spains

Question 21

state what is is meant by the key term - 1st degree ligament strain

Answer 21

partial tear without increased joint instability

Question 22

state what is is meant by the key term - 2nd degree ligament strain

Answer 22

partial tear with minor joint instability

Question 23

state what is is meant by the key term - 3rd degree ligament strain

Answer 23

complete tear with full joint instability

Question 24

what two things can a musculotendinous trauma be classified as ?

Answer 24

1. contusion (if the trauma was direct)

2. strain (if the trauma was indirect)

Question 25

state what is is meant by the key term - muscular contusion

Answer 25

an area od excess accumulation of blood and fluids in the surrounding tissues to the injured areas - it may severely limit the injured muscle’s movement

Question 26

state what is is meant by the key term - 1st degree muscle strain

Answer 26

a partial tear of individual fibres and is characterised by strong but painful muscle activity

Question 27

state what is is meant by the key term - 2nd degree muscle strain

Answer 27

a partial tear with weak, painful muscle activity

Question 28

state what is is meant by the key term - 3rd degree muscle strain

Answer 28

a complete tear of fibres and is manifested by weak, painless muscle activity

Question 29

what causes a tendon to rupture ?

Answer 29

a tendon will rupture if the tensile load applied is greater than it’s physical limits

Question 30

why don’t tendons rupture as often as muscles ?

Answer 30

their collagen fibres are far stronger than the muscle fibres. this means failure is more likely to occur in the muscle belly, muscle-tendinous junction, or at the attachment site of tendon to bone

Question 31

state what is is meant by the key term - microtrauma

Answer 31

overuse injury, results from repeated, abnormal stress applied to a tissue by continuous training or training with too little recovery time

Question 32

state 3 causes of overuse injuries

Answer 32

1. training error (e.g. - poor program design)
2. suboptimal training surfaces (e.g. - too hard or uneven)
3. faulty biomechanics or performance technique
4. insufficient motor control
5. reduced flexibility
6. skeletal malalignment and predisposition

Question 33

state what is is meant by the key term - skeletal malalignment

Answer 33

displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints

Question 34

what is the most common bone and tendon overuse injuries ?

Answer 34

1. stress fracture

2. tendinitis

Question 35

what can tendinitis become if left untreated ?

Answer 35

chronic tendinitis or tendinopathy

Question 36

state what is is meant by the key term - anthropomorphism

Answer 36

body type and structure