principles of immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

what two types of immunity are there?

A

acquired

innate

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2
Q

what two forms of acquired immunity are there?

A

active

passive

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3
Q

what two types of active and passive immunisation are there?

A

natural and artificial

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4
Q

how long does active immunity last for?

A

long term, may be lifelong

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5
Q

does active immunity display immunological memory?

A

yes

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6
Q

how quickly does active immunisation take effect?

A

no immediate effect, but faster and better response to next antigen encounter

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7
Q

what is the first antibody that is developed in an immunological response?

A

IgM

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8
Q

what antibody is present in large quantities during the second exposure to a pathogen that someone has been immunised against?

A

IgG

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9
Q

How do live attenuated vaccines work?

A

live form of the pathogen that has been attenuated is given

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10
Q

what are the risks of live attenuated vaccines?

A

reversion to the fully pathogenic organism may occur

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11
Q

how is the pathogenic organism attenuated in a live attenuated vaccine?

A

repeated passage in a cell culture or non human host

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12
Q

when would a live attenuated vaccine be unsuitable to prescribe?

A

if a patient is immunocompromised or pregnant

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13
Q

what are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, BCG, Polio, varicella zoster

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14
Q

how is a pathogen inactivated in a killed vaccine?

A

usually chemically inactivated using formaldehyde

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15
Q

how does the immune response of a killed vaccine compare to that of a live vaccine?

A

weaker immune response - multiple doses may be required

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16
Q

what do some killed vaccines contain that increases the immune response?

17
Q

what is a toxoid vaccine?

A

vaccine where toxin is treated with formalin, so the toxoid retains antigenicity but not toxicity

18
Q

what are some possible side effects of killed vaccines?

A

can produce inflammatory responses against other proteins and antigens contained within the vaccine

19
Q

what does a toxoid produce immunity against?

A

the toxin itself, not the organism that produces it

20
Q

what are some advantages of subunit vaccines?

A

no infectious agent, highly purified

easy to produce in large amunts

21
Q

what are some disadvantages of subunit vaccines?

A

increasing purity of the vaccine leads to a loss of immunogenicity - may need adjuvant

22
Q

what 2 types of subunit vaccines are there?

A

purified microbial products

recombinant (genetically engineered)

23
Q

how can a recombinant subunit vaccine be made?

A

gene encoding antigen is excised from the organisms nucleic acid
gene is inserted into yeast chromosome by molecular genetic techinques
yeast grows in culture and produces antigen

24
Q

what is a conjugate vaccine?

A

vaccine where the original antigen is a carbohydrate capsule which then is conjugated to a protein carrier to make it more effective

25
what are the steps of herd immunity?
primary aim of vaccination is to protect the individual who receives the vaccination vaccinated individuals are less likely to be a source of infection to others reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection individuals who cannot be vaccinated still benefit from routine vaccination programmes
26
how does immunising a pregnant woman against a pathogen protect the baby?
antibodies are transferred through the placenta so the baby has some form of immunity when it is born
27
what are some contraindications of vaccination?
temporary - febrile illness, preganant woen cannot be given live attenuated vaccines permanent - allergy, and immunicompromised patients cannot be given live attenuated vaccines?
28
what are some natural forms of passive immunity?
placental transfer of IgG | colostral transfer of IgA
29
what are some artificial forms of passive immunity?
treatment with immunoglobulin | immune cells
30
what is the difference between human normal immunoglobulin and human specific immunoglobulin?
human normal immunoglobulin contains all antibodies | human specific immunoglobulin is taken from selected blood donors with high antibody titres against a specific organism
31
for what pathogens would you give prophylactic human normal immunoglobulin?
hep A measles polio rubella
32
for what pathogens would you give prophylactic human specific immunoglobulin?
hep B rabies tetanus varicella zoster virus
33
what are the advantages of passive immunity?
immediate protection
34
what are the disadvantages of passive immunity?
hshort term effect - no immunological memort serum sickness - antibody can be recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient which can result in anaphylaxis graft versus host disease ( cell grafts only) incoming immune cells reject the recipient