Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

xB12W2 > PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES > Flashcards

PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Flashcards

1
Q

in what situation should you attempt a manipulation/reduction before radiographic studies?

A

if there is a risk of neurovascular damage or haemodynamic instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a fracture?

A

a break in the continuity of bone or cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the common clinical presentation of a fracture/

A 
loss of function
pain
tenderness
swelling
abnormal motion
visible deformity in the area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some ways in which we describe fractures?

A 
open vs closed
exact anatomical location
orientation of fracture line
simple or comminuted
position
complete vs incomplete
involvement of articular surface
avulsion
impaction
pathologic?
stress?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

whats the difference between an open and a closed fracture?

A

in a closed fracture the skin and soft tissue overlying the site is intact but in an open fracture there is exposure to the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do we describe the orinentation of the fracture line?

A

spiral
oblique (on an angle)
transverse
comminuted (more than 2 pieces)

note: you describe the fragmented pieces relative to their normal position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do we describe position of a fracture?

A

displacement is when the fragments are deviated away from their normal position
alignement refers to the relationship of the longitudinal axis of one fragment to another - deviation from normal alignment is angulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats the difference between complete and incomplete fractures?

A

a fracture is termed complete if it interrupts both cortices of the bone and incomplete if it only interrupts 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an inter-articular fracture?

A

a fracture that crosses the joint surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an avulsion fracture?

A

when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a pathologic fracture?

A

when a fracture occurs from a seemingly trivial trauma so it is liely that a disease has caused a structural weakness predisposing them to an injury e.g. osteomalacia or scurvy etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are stress fractures?

A

tiny cracks in the bones caused by repeated low intensity forces e.g. running long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

outline the stages of fracture healing

A
  1. haematoma caused by the rupturing of vessels across the fracture line
  2. inflammation when granulation tissue forms
  3. resoprtion of haematoma and pro-callus formation (fibrocartilage)
  4. remodelling to form callus due to mineralisation by calcium phosphate deposits
  5. callus is resorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in which types of bones may there not be any callus formation?

A

bones that have deficient periosteum e,g, skull and neck of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in a healthy adult, how long from injury should it take for consolidation?

A

2 months on bone slike the hmerus and 4 months on larger bones i.e. femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what affects the rate of fracture healing?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what affects the rate of fracture healing?

A

type of fracture (e.g. oblique fractures heal faster than transverse)
age- faster in younger ages
type of bone affected
degree of fracture
systematic states e.g. hyperthyroidism or corticosteroidism
exercise vs chronic hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is delayed union?

A

when fracture healing takes longer than usual for that particular location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is malunion?

A

when a residual deformity exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is nonunion?

A

failure of the fracture to unify - can result in pseudoarthroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are pseudoarthroses?

A

a joint formed by fibrous tissue bridging the gap between the two fragments of bone due to nonunion

22
Q

what are greenstick fractures?

A

bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone. - common in children

23
Q

what are torus fractures?

A

incomplete fractures characterised by a buckling/wrinkling of the cortex - common in children

24
Q

how are epiphyseal injuries classified?

A

Salter Harris classification

25
Q

describe the Salter Harris classification?

A

normal
type 1 - straight across physis
type 2 - fracture extends into metaphysis
type 3 -intra-articular fractures and only extends to physis
type 4 - fracture extends across metaphysis, physis and epiphysis
type 5 - crushing injuries of the epiphyseal plate

26
Q

when you request an x-ray for a suspected fracture, why should you make sure to get 2 views?

A

because the fracture line is most visible when it is parallel to the x-ray beam and invisible when perpendicular

27
Q

if a fracture is suggested but not visible on x-ray what should you do?

A

treat it as a fracture and re-examine it clinically and radiographically in 7-10 days

28
Q

what are some complications of fractures?

A 
infections - osteomyelitis or septic arthritis
haemorrhage
vascular injuries
nerve injuries
compartment syndrome
avascular necrosis
complex regional pain syndrome
fat embolism syndrome
fracture blisters
(complications from immobolisation may include pneumonia, DVT, PE, UTI, wound infections, ulcers, muscular atrophy, stress ulcers, GI haemorrhage, psychiatric disorders)
29
Q

would should you do if an infection such as osteomyelitis or septic arthritis is suspected after a fracture?

A

vigorous irrigation
debridement of wound
antibiotics
sometimes tetanus booster

30
Q

which fractures have a greater risk of haemorrhage?

A

pelvic fractures and shaft of femur fractures

as they have richer circulations

31
Q

which fractures have the highest risk of vascular injury?

A

Displaced fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia and particularly dislocation of the knee due to popliteal artery in knee

32
Q

what is neuropraxia?

A

The mildest form of traumatic peripheral nerve injury. It is characterized by focal segmental demyelination at the site of injury without disruption of axon and surrounding connective tissues. = blockage of nerve conduction and transient weakness or paresthesia

33
Q

what is axonotmesis

A

medium severity injury to nerve fibres

34
Q

what is Neurotmesis?

A

the severing of a nerve so all functions are absent - requires surgery

35
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

condition in which increased pressure within one of the body’s anatomical compartments results in insufficient blood supply to tissue within that space

36
Q

what are the signs and symptoms to look out for for compartment syndrome?

A 
intense pain that seems disproportionate and worsens on stretching
tenderness in the affected area.
tightness in the muscle
a tingling or burning sensation.
in severe cases, numbness or weakness
37
Q

how do we treat compartment syndrome?

A

emergency fasciotomy. The doctor or surgeon makes an incision to cut open your skin and fascia surrounding the muscles to immediately relieve the pressure inside the muscle compartment.

38
Q

what is complex regional pain syndrome?

A

a form of chronic pain after injury and the pain seems disproportionate to injury

39
Q

what is fat embolism syndrome?

A

when a fat embolism enters the blood stream

40
Q

what are signs and symptoms of fat embolim syndrome?

A 
SOB
fast breathing
mental confusion
lethargy
coma
pinpoint rash
fever
anaemia
1-3 days after injury
41
Q

what are fracture blisters?

A

where skin adheres tightly to bone with little subcutaneous fat cushioning. The blister that results resembles that of a second degree burn.

42
Q

what are subluxations?

A

partial loss of continuity between 2 articulating surfaces

partial dislocation

43
Q

what are dislocations?

A

total loss of continuity between 2 artiuclating surfaces

44
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of dislocation?

A 
Joint is visibly deformed or out of place.
Numbness or tingling at the joint.
Swollen or discolored.
Limited ability to move.
Intense pain.
45
Q

what are 3 exampkes of soft tissue injuries?

A

sprains
tendinitis
bursitis

46
Q

what are sprains?

A

injuries to the fibres of a supporting ligament of a joint resulting from an abnormal joint motion

47
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of sprains?

A

Pain.
Swelling.
Bruising.
Limited ability to move the affected joint.
Hearing or feeling a “pop” in your joint at the time of injury.

48
Q

what is tendinitis?

A

inflammation or irritation of a tendon

49
Q

what are signs and symptoms of tendinitis?

A

Pain often described as a dull ache, especially when moving the affected limb or joint.
Tenderness.
Mild swelling.

50
Q

what is bursitis?

A

inflamation or iritation of a bursa

51
Q

what are signs and symptoms of bursitis?

A

dull ache/Pain.
Localized tenderness.
Limited motion.
Swelling and redness if the inflamed bursa is close to the surface of the skin. (may have more swelling than tendonitis)

xB12W2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions