Principles of Confidentiality and Truthfulness Flashcards
Any social relationship depends on __________, however telling everything could lead to disaster.
Truthful communication
True or False: Telling the truth is not the same as telling the whole truth.
True
True or False: It is difficult to decide what may be ethically concealed and what must be revealed.
True
It is communicating something which is at odds with what the speaker believed to be true.
Lie
Understood be wrong.
Lie
Examination of the nature and range of reasonable expectations.
Revised definition of lying
The three factors: determine the reasonableness of the __________, are part specifications of the __________ and to ____________ by a proportional good.
Expectation of truth
Obligation to minimize evil
Justify the tolerance of evil
No reasonable expectation of the truth if the communication will take place in circumstances where other people can overhear the conversation
Place of communication
Types of communicators:
– The doctor
– The patient
– The relative
– The public
In a __________, the relationship is confidential, and the obligation to confidentiality changes expectations
counseling
People do not ordinarily have a __________ that a health care provider will tell them the truth about anyone but themselves
reasonable expectations
True or False: It is not a lie to conceal the truth, although it may be unethical for other reasons
True
No one is asking about the information
Volunteering information
It is the person who wants to tell the information
Volunteering information
It creates the reasonable expectation of the truth.
Volunteering information
Health care workers who uses media to spread medical news must:
Must be accurate
Must give full disclosure
Must enjoy editorial independence
It is necessary to avoid conflict of interests that might result from dependence on a drug company or censorship by an editor
Independence
a “look-alike” pill that has no pharmacologic effect that is given for psychological effect, or as a control in research evaluating the efficacy of a study drug.
Placebo
Sugar pill
Placebo
Drugs with active pharmacological properties have enhanced effects because the patients believe in them
Placebo effect
in industrial psychology, merely paying attention to the worker increases productivity and cooperation. Same as in placebo.
Hawthorne effect
__________ has been found to have an effect in the immune system and even produce addiction
Placebo
The effect of drugs depend not only on their pharmacologic properties but also on the ________ of the user and the setting in which the drug was taken.
mental set
Although the ___________ may make important contributions to patient care, a physician must not rely on that effect
placebo effect
When placebo is overpriced and used in place of the standard of treatment. Failure to use accepted treatment when it is called for is _________.
malpractice
_________ is condemned as a form of theft.
Overpricing
It is wrong to tell falsehoods in situations in which there is reasonable expectation of truth
Truthfulness
The expectation of truth varies according to the ________, the ___________ , and the ____________.
place of communication
roles of communicators
nature of the material being communicated
concerned with a matter of keeping secret
Confidentiality
is information that a person has a right or obligation to conceal
Secret
Type of obligatory secrets :
- Natural secret
- Promised secret
- Professional secret
So named because the information involved is by its nature, harmful if revealed
natural secret
Knowledge that we have promised to conceal
promised secret
The special evil of revealing promised secrets arises from the harmful effects of ___________.
breaking promises
However, like the natural secret, there may be _____________ for revealing the secret
proportionate reasons
A secret, if revealed, will harm not only the professional’s client but will do serious harm to the profession and to the society that depends on that profession for important services
professional secret
“privileged information”
professional secret
A physician cannot disclose information learned in confidence from a patient unless the patient gives permission
Privileged information
____________ is the MOST serious of all secrets because its violation can cause the greatest harm.
Professional secret
need access to diagnosis and treatment of the patient
Health insurance
will need to go through the work ups done and has access to the patient’s records
billing office
Referrals to other health professionals
confidentiality and consultation
Special cases:
- Media publicity and confidentiality
- Children and adolescence
- Hospital records, research and confidentiality
