Ethics and Morality Flashcards
Generic term for various ways of UNDERSTANDING and EXAMINING the MORAL LIFE.
Ethics
Ethics is derived from what Greek Word?
“ethos”
Greek word “ethos” means?
- Disposition
OR
- Trait
“Ethos” constituted part of what Greek phrase?
“Ethike Aretai” which means
SKILLS OF CHARACTER
Greek word “arete” connotes what terms?
- Excellence
- Good
- Skill
Greek ethics were __________: which means that THEY ASSUMED THAT THINGS DEVELOPED TOWARDS A NATURAL GOAL
Teleological
In Greek medicine, if we want to know what makes a good physician, we need to know the?
Goal of Medicine
The GOAL OF MEDICINE is to?
Heal the Sick
What VIRTUES does the goal of medicine require?
1) Compassion
2) Knowledge of Healing
3) Skill in Human Relations
- mneumonic: ChaKeS (“Shakey’s”)
In the view of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, these “ethika aretae” were?
- Courage
- Temperance
- Wisdom
- Justice
Today we know these traits (courage, temperance, wisdom and justice) as the?
Cardinal Virtues
In the fourth century C.E., CHRISTIANITY added its THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES, what are these virtues?
- Faith
- Hope
- Charity
- Mnemonic: similar sa “PHC” pero FHC *i dunno this be helpful sana
How manu Cardinal Virtues are there?
Seven
*CHRISTIANITY also added 7 DEADLY SINS
What is the MASTER VICE among the 7 deadly sins?
Pride
Good physicians always exhibit __________, which means “to suffer with”.
Compassion
Refers to NORMS about RIGHT and WRONG human conduct that are so widely shared that they form a STABLE SOCIAL CONSENSUS.
Morality
- As a social institution, it encompasses many standards of conduct, including moral principles, rules, rights and virtues.
Rules for human beings, according to the ROME’S STOIC PHILOSOPHERS, were so embedded in the TEXTURE OF THE WORLD that they were law for humans. These laws came to be known as?
Natural Law
__________ there made explicit the connection between GOD and the NATURAL LAW: a RATIONAL God made the world work rationally and gave humans REASON TO DISCOVER these laws.
Aquinas
__________ taught in the fourth century CE that SIN CONTAMINATED human feelings and therefore LUST, SLOTH, AVARICE and PRIDE infected humans.
St. Augustine
Natural law theory bequeathed to medical ethics the famous _______________________.
Doctrine of Double Effect
Explain Doctrine of Double Effect
(1) if the action was good in itself or not evil
(2) if the good followed as immediately from the cause as did the evil effect
(3) if only the good effect was intended, and (4) if there was as important a reason for performing the action as for allowing the evil effect.
This doctrine FORBIDS physicians from assisting in executions, since it forbids an intention to assist in killings. On the other hand, it allows increasing dosages of morphine for terminal patients, so long as the intention is to relieve suffering, not to kill the patient.
Double Effect
The principle of totality is derived from what law?
Natural Law
It says that the human body may be changed only to ensure the proper functioning of that body. The underlying idea is that one’s body is not something that one owns, but that one holds in trust for God: “The body is the temple of the Lord.”
Principle of Totality
Who lived during the Enlightenment, and believed in the power of reason to solve human problems.
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
The distinctive elements of Kantian Ethics are the following:
a) Ethics is not a matter of consequences but of duty.
b) A right act has a maxim that is universalizable.
c) A right always treats other human as “ends-in-themselves,” never as a “mere means.”
d) People are only free when they act rationally
The only one correct motive in Kantian ethics?
to be a good person, to do what is right, to have a “pure will”
A right act has a maxim that is UNIVERSALIZABLE
An act is right if one can will its maxim or rule to be acted on by all others. “Lie to get out of keeping a promise” cannot be so willed because if everyone acted this way, promise making would mean nothing.
to treat another person as an ______________ is to treat him as having absolute, infinite moral worth, not relative worth. So patients cannot unwittingly be used as guinea pigs in dangerous experiments to advance medical knowledge.
“end-in-himself”
