Principles of Colony Management

Question 1

What did the 1985 Amendment to the AWA result in?

Answer 1

Develop documents and follow an appropriate plan for environmental enhancement that would promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primate.

Question 2

How do the Guide and AWA differ regarding space requirements for NHPs?

Answer 2

Guide states that optimal cage measurements should not be based solely on floor space, as some species benefit from vertical space, internal structures, and enrichment opportunities.

Question 3

Housing standards are governed by what in Europe?

Answer 3

European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS 123) and European Union’s Council Directive on the Approximation of Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Regarding the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (EU 2010/63)

Question 4

What materials are cages typically composed of? How must wood be treated?

Answer 4

Galvanized metal, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastics. Wood must be replaced when sanitation is ineffective or damage to wood structures occur.

Question 5

Ground surfaces in outdoor facilities may be what? What must occur periodically?

Answer 5

Native soil and grasses, vegetation or rock, gravel, concrete. Surfaces must be cleaned periodically to maintain acceptable husbandry/sanitation standards.

Question 6

Why are sight barriers important in enrichment?

Answer 6

Allow lower-ranking animals to escape from aggressive encounters, reducing stress and trauma.

Question 7

What enrichment is one of the most effective methods of preventing and reducing abnormal behavior?

Answer 7

Social housing.

Question 8

Describe PRT. What does this allow?

Answer 8

Form of operant conditioning where an animal receives a reward for performing a desired behavior. Allows choice to participate or not.

Question 9

Who composes a Quality of Life Committee? When are they formed? What is developed, and what does this help assess?

Answer 9

A veterinarian, veterinary pathologist, veterinary technologist, behaviorist, colony manager, and animal technician involved in daily care. Formed when an animal is diagnosed with a life-threatening or debilitating chronic condition and requires intense monitoring for pain/distress. Develop and individual behavioral ethogram, enables committee to quantitatively assess the loss of normal behaviors and assist vet in making a more informed decision regarding the quality of life and if euthanasia is appropriate.

Question 10

As per the AWA, indoor facility temperature should not drop below what temp or exceed what temp for how long? What needs to occur above 85F?

Answer 10

Not drop below 45F or exceed 85 for more than 4 consecutive hours. Above 85F, provisions should be made for cooling or increasing air movement.

Question 11

As per the Guide, what is the recommended environmental temp settings?

Answer 11

64-84F

Question 12

Due to their small size and how quickly then can lose body heat, care should be excised with what NHPs? How?

Answer 12

Marmosets, tamarins, and smaller cebids (capuchins and squirrel monkeys). Ensure cages are made from thermoneutral materials.

Question 13

What should be the ventilation rate in NHP housing rooms?

Answer 13

Non-recirculated ventilation at 10-15 air changes/hour

Question 14

What must occur for animals that are housed outdoors prior to experiencing extreme temperatures? How can the deleterious effects of high and low temperatures be mitigated?

Answer 14

Acclimation.
Hot: Shade, misters, wading pools
Cold: Secondary enclosures with supplemental heaters, windbreaks, and alternative bedding

Question 15

What is the recommended range for relative humidity? What group differs, and how? Why is consideration of humidity outside important?

Answer 15

30-70%. Some NWM, such as tamarins and marmosets, require minimum of 50% relative humidity. Low or high humidity outdoors may exacerbate problems associated with temp extremes.

Question 16

What does the AWA require regarding light? How is light typically provided?

Answer 16

Lighting (natural or artificial) must be uniformly distributed throughout the enclosure, allowing for routine inspection, maintenance of husbandry standards, maintenance of physiologic and neuroendocrine stimulation, and improved personnel safety. Usually 12h light-12h dark diurnal cycle

Question 17

How is light provided to nocturnal species, like Aotus?

Answer 17

Reverse light cycle, with red lighting during animals’ active part of the day. White light provided during evening and at night to encourage nesting behavior/sleep outside of normal staff working hours.

Question 18

As per the Guide, effective sanitation is composed of what two elements? Describe them.

Answer 18

Cleaning - removal of dirt and waste products
Disinfection - reduction or elimination of pathogenic microorganisms

Question 19

What floor type is preferable? Why?

Answer 19

Slatted or grid floors, as they allow waste products to fall away from the animal’s environment. Reduce risk of fecal-oral transmission of pathogenic organisms.

Question 20

What special products should be used for sanitization during CDC mandated import quarantine?

Answer 20

Tuberculocidal cleaning and disinfecting agents.

Question 21

How often should primary enclosures be cleaned and disinfected? How should daily sanitation of primary enclosures be supplemented? How?

Answer 21

Primary enclosures, including perches, shelves, and enrichment devices, cleaned and disinfected daily. In a hospital setting, twice daily. Daily disinfection should be supplemented with biweekly sanitation of primary enclosures and structures. Sanitized by live steam under pressure, 180F water and soap/detergent, or washing all soiled surfaces with appropriate detergent solutions and disinfectants.

Question 22

How often should enclosures with dirt floors or absorbed bedding be spot-cleaned? How often for animal rooms, treatment rooms, storage areas, cage-washing facilities, and corridors?

Answer 22

Enough to ensure animals can move about without contacting their excrement.
At a frequency consistent with their use and contamination level.

Question 23

What is the federal standard the Hazard Communication? Who was it developed by and what did it require?

Answer 23

‘Worker Right to Know.’ Developed by OSHA to create work environment where hazards in specific work areas are identified, their capabilities for related health problems recognized, and workers are given access to their respective lab results and medical records.

Question 24

Which group implemented 29 CFR Part 1910.1030? What is it called, and what does it outline?

Answer 24

OSHA. Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens: Final Rule. States that blood, body fluids, and tissues infected with human disease agents must be handled in compliance with OSHA standards.

Question 25

When working with NHPs , what is the base BSL?

Answer 25

BSL 2

Question 26

What is the most frequently found zoonotic virus in occupationally exposed NHP caretakers? What risk does it pose to humans?

Answer 26

Simian foamy virus. Likely transmitted through animal bites, not reported to cause disease in humans

Question 27

What are the more serious pathogens that can be transmitted to humans? (7)

Answer 27

Macacine herpesvirus 1, SIV, tuberculosis, bacterial gastroenteritis caused by Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter

Question 28

What are the first aid steps following a potential herpes B exposure?

Answer 28

Mucous membranes: Flush eye or mucous membrane with sterile water or saline for 15 minutes
Skin: Wash skin with 0.25% hypochlorite solution, followed by a wash with detergent soap (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine) for 15 minutes

Question 29

Are head coverings required in NHP housing rooms?

Answer 29

Not required except in containment areas requiring a complete clothing change.

Question 30

How far should gloves used in NHP rooms extend? What gloves should be used when handling primates?

Answer 30

Extend to or beyond wrist. Use gauntlet-like leather gloves, Kevlar, or stainless steel liners for handling NHPs

Question 31

What respiratory protection should be used in clean animal rooms or when infectious aerosols are not present? What should be used when infectious aerosols are present? What is allowed in BSL-3 areas?

Answer 31

Single use, paper ‘dust masks.’ Half-face or full-face respirators with HEPA filters when infectious aerosols are present. Particulate respirators allowed for BSL-3 areas.

Question 32

What eye/face protection should be used in areas of respirable aerosols or droplets? Areas of McHV-1? Areas where McHV-1 is not a concern?

Answer 32

Full-face respirators or half-face respirators plus splash goggles.
Safety shields or face shields plus splash goggles
Safety shield or face shields sufficient

Question 33

What is the most common method of permanent animal ID? What other methods exist?

Answer 33

Tattoo applied to chest or inner thigh. Collars with attached ID tags for baboons and squirrel monkeys. SQ placed microtransponders.

Question 34

Which virus uses BSL-2 facilities with BSL-3 practices?

Answer 34

Monkeypox

Question 35

Which BSL level is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 35

BSL-3 if known, BSL-2 during quarantine.

Question 36

Which primate agents require BSL-4?

Answer 36

Marburg and Ebola

Question 37

Which primate agents require BSL-3?

Answer 37

Yellow fever, EEE, VEE, and WEE, HPAI, tuberculosis (if known)