Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry by Thaidz > Principles of Chemistry > Flashcards

Principles of Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the three states of matter

A

solids, liquids, gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the factors on the force of attraction between particles

A

The material
The temp
The pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the force of attraction in solids

A

strong forces which keep the particles close and fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the force of attraction in liquids

A

weak force, meaning particles are free to move but tend to stick closely together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the force of attraction in gases

A

very weak force, meaning are free to move far apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

solid to liquid called?

A

melting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

liquid to gas called?

A

evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe melting

A

heated (gained energy) solid particles vibrate which weakens the force of attraction to a point til they break free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe evaporation

A

heated (gained energy) liquid particles move faster, weakening the force of attraction until they have enough energy to break free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

liquid to solid called?

A

freezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gas to liquid called?

A

condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solid to gas called?

A

subliming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define diffusion

A

gradual movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three experiments for diffusion?

A

Potassium Manganate (VII) and Water
Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride
Bromine Gas and Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the Potassium Manganate (VII) and Water Test

A

Potassium Manganate (VII) is purple
Add Potassium Manganate (VII) to a beaker of water
The purple colour spreads out, as the particles are diffusing out among the water particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

For the Potassium Manganate (VII) and Water Test, why does the purple colour get evenly spread out?

A

Particles in a liquid move in a random motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

contains protons and neutrons

positive charge because of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe electrons

A

move around nucleus in shells

negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the relative charge of an electron?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the number of electrons the same as ?

A

number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the mass number?

A

protons + neutrons

bigger number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

number of protons (electrons)

smaller number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe what a molecule is

A

groups of atoms joined together

held together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is an element?

A

One type of atom joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe compounds

A

two or more different elements chemically bonded
bond in chemical reactions
very difficult to separate the original elements
properties of the compound is different from original elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe mixtures

An example?

A

no chemical bond involved
can be separated by physical methods like distillation
Air for example is a mixture of gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the uses for filtration?

A

separate insoluble solid from a liquid

also can be used for purification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the use for crystallisation ?

A

separate a soluble solid from a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the process of crystallisation ?

A

pour solution into evaporating dish
slowly heat solution, stop when crystals start forming
put dish in warm place to evaporate (get big crystals)
dry using a drying oven or desiccator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is a desiccator ?

A

drying device which contains chemicals that removes water from surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is rock salt ?

A

mixture of salt and sand

salt dissolves in water, sand doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe the process of separating rock salt

A

Grinding - grind rock salt using pestle and mortar
Dissolving - dissolve in beaker and stir
Filtering - filter through filter paper in a funnel
Crystallisation - evaporate in an evaporating dish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

explain how the separating rock salt process works

A

sand is insoluble so doesn’t fit through filter paper
salt is soluble so dissolves in solution and goes through filter paper
solution then gets evaporated leaving the salt crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the use for simple distillation ?

A

used for separating out liquid from a solution

40
Q

what is the use for fractional distillation ?

A

used for separating a mixture of liquids

41
Q

who created the periodic table? when?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869

42
Q

what is the name for Group 1 elements ?

A

alkali metals

43
Q

what is the name for Group 0 elements ?

A

noble gases

44
Q

what is the name given for Group 7 elements ?

A

halogens

45
Q

what do elements in the same group have similar ?

A

similar properties

46
Q

what is electrostatic attraction ?

what properties does it give?

A

strong attraction in ionic compounds due to attraction of opposite charges
gives ionic compounds high melting and boiling points

47
Q

what is oxidation ?

A

loss of electron

gain of oxygen

48
Q

what is reduction ?

A

gain of electron

loss of oxygen

49
Q

state what an ion is

A

positively / negatively charged atom

50
Q

state what a cation is

A

positive ion

51
Q

state what an anion is

A

negative ion

52
Q

what is ionic bonding between ?

A

a non metal and a metal

53
Q

Describe ionic compounds

Properties?

A

electrostatic attraction gives them a high melting and boiling point
2+ and 2- ions have stronger attraction that 1+ and 1-
ions held together in 3D lattice arrangement
have giant ionic structures
conduct electricity when liquid/molten

54
Q

what is covalent bonding ?

A

atoms sharing electrons for a full outer shell

55
Q

Describe simple covalent substances

Properties?

A

atoms in a molecule held strongly with covalent bonds
forces attraction between the molecules are very weak
results in low melting/boiling point as easily parted
most are gas/liquid at room temp

56
Q

Describe giant covalent structures

Properties ?

A

similar to giant ionic structures but no charged ions
atoms bonded with very strong covalent bonds
very high melting/boiling point
don’t conduct electricity ever (except graphite)
insoluble in water

57
Q

Describe diamond

what is it made up of? Uses?

A

giant covalent structure
each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds
hardest natural substance
used in drill tips and cutting tools

58
Q

Describe graphite
Made up of? Uses?
How is it different to others giant covalent structures?

A

giant covalent structure
each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds
this creates layers which slide over each other
useful as a lubricant
free electrons - only non metal to conduct electricity

59
Q

what is covalent bonding between ?

A

a non metal and a non metal

60
Q

Mg + HCl – MgCl + H²

what are the reactants / products ?

A

Mg+HCl–MgCl+H²

reactants–products

61
Q

what does (aq) mean?

A

aqueous (dissolved in water)

62
Q

what are isotopes ?

A

different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

63
Q

what is the symbol for relative atomic mass?

A

Ar

64
Q

what is relative abundance ?

A

percentage of that particular isotope in nature

65
Q

what is the relative atomic mass?

A

mass of an atom

averaged of all isotopes of an element

66
Q

what is the relative formula mass ?

Symbol?

A

Mr

all the relative atomic mass added together in a compound

67
Q

state what empirical formula is

A

simplest formula that tells you the ratio of different elements in a compound
Fe⁶O¹² goes to FeO²

68
Q

what is molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms each element has in a compound

69
Q

what is the name for mass of product ?

A

yield

70
Q

what is the theoretical yield ?

A

calculated mass

71
Q

percentage yield =

A

actual yield / theoretical yield

72
Q

Avogadro’s number is …

A

6.023 x 10²³

73
Q

what is molar mass?

A

mass of 1 mole

74
Q

moles =

A

mass / FM

75
Q

what is the molar volume for gas ?

A

One mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³

at room temp and pressure

76
Q

1dm³ = how many cm³ ?

A

1000cm³

its also a litre

77
Q

state room temperature and pressure

A

25°C and 1 atmosphere

78
Q

what is the volume unit ?

A

dm³

79
Q

what is the unit for concentration ?

A

mol/dm³

can be g/dm³

80
Q

concentration =

A

moles / volume

81
Q

what is the symbol for sulfuric acid ?

A

H²SO⁴

82
Q

state what electric current is

A

flow of electrons or ions

electrons/ions can act as charge carriers

83
Q

How can ionic compounds conduct electricity while molten/liquid?

A

ions need to be free for charge to pass through

when liquid/molten, ions are free and so conduct electricty

84
Q

Why can’t covalent compounds conduct electricity?

A

don’t contain ions, so no charge carriers that are free to move as they make bonds by sharing electrons
graphite is an exception (has free electrons)

85
Q

what are metal compounds are held together by ?

A

metallic bonding

86
Q

Describe metallic bonding

A

giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of free (delocalised) electrons
this gives metals their properties

87
Q

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

A

the free electrons carry electrical current and heat energy through the material

88
Q

why are most metals malleable?

A

layers of atoms in metals can slide over each other which means they can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets

89
Q

Describe the Ammonia - Hydrogen Chloride test

A
  • Aqueous ammonia gives off ammonia gas
  • HCl gives off hydrogen chloride gas
  • soak in wool and place on ends of glass tube
  • white ring of ammonium chloride forms
90
Q

why does the ammonium chloride ring form closer to HCl?

A

particles of ammonia are smaller / lighter that hydrogen chloride particles so diffuse air more quickly

91
Q

give an experiment to demonstrate diffusion in gases

A

fill half a jar with bromine gas, the other with air (separate with glass plate)
remove glass plate and brown bromine gas will slowly diffuse through the air
random motion will mean it will diffuse

92
Q

Halogen displacement reaction colours

A

Potassium chloride - no reaction
Potassium bromide - orange with chlorine water
Potassium iodide - brown with chlorine / bromine water

93
Q

what is a solute ?

A

substance dissolved in the solvent

94
Q

what is a solvent ?

A

substance that dissolves the solute

95
Q

what is a solution ?

A

mixture after solvent has dissolved the solute

96
Q

what is cobalt chloride paper for ?

A

testing presence of water (turns blue to pink)

Chemistry by Thaidz (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions