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Chemistry by Thaidz > Chem in industry > Flashcards

Chem in industry Flashcards

1
Q

what are metal ores ?

A

(reactive metals in the ground that form compounds with other elements)
compounds with enough metal to make worth while to extract

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2
Q

describe the industry reactivity series

A 
potassium 
sodium 
calcium
magnesium
aluminium 
CARBON
zinc
iron
tin
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3
Q

describe electrolysis

A

melt metal for free ions
positive metal electrons go to cathode (-ve)
negative electrons go to anode (+ve)
metal becomes full atom and sinks
oxygen reacts together and carbon and lifts
this is why carbon anode must be replaced
REDOX REACTION

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4
Q

why is electrolysis expensive ?

A

needs lots of electricity
needs to heat electrolyte
disappearing (+ve) electrode needs constant replacement

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5
Q

what is aluminium extracted from ?

A

bauxite (A2 O3)

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6
Q

what is iron extracted from ?

A

haematite (Fe O3)

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7
Q

uses of coke for extraction of iron?

A

almost pure carbon so reduces iron oxide

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8
Q

uses of limestone for extraction of iron?

A

takes away impurities in form of slag

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9
Q

steps for extracting iron :

A

hot air blasted into furnace
coke burns to produce CO2
CO2 reacts with unburnt coke to produce CO
CO reduces iron ore
iron then runs to bottom and is tapped off

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10
Q

describe process of impurities in extracting iron

A

limestone thermally decomposes
calcium oxide reacts with sand
calcium silicate forms (slag) which is tapped off

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11
Q

formula for sand

A

Si O2

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12
Q

uses for slag?

A

road building

fertiliser

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13
Q

uses for wrought iron

A

almost pure iron so used for gates and railings

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14
Q

uses for cast iron

A

iron + carbon + silicon (hard but brittle, used for manhole covers / cooking pans)

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15
Q

uses for steel

A

an alloy of iron, carbon and others
harder than pure iron but still malleable
used for construction and carbodies

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16
Q

uses for stainless steel

A

iron and chromium and doesn’t rust so used for cutlery

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17
Q

uses for aluminium

A

drinks cans (no rust) and aeroplane frames (light metal)

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18
Q

why doesn’t aluminium corrode easily?

A

reacts with oxygen to form a protective aluminium oxide layer

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19
Q

what is crude oil?

A

mixture of hydrocarbons

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20
Q

describe industry fractional distillation

A

oil heated until most is gas
passed through fractionating column with temp gradient
when substances reaches lower than B.P. they condense
bubble caps prevent leakage

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21
Q

during industry fractional distillation, where do long hydrocarbons condense ?

A

high B.P. so at the bottom

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22
Q

during industry fractional distillation, where do short hydrocarbons condense ?

A

low B.P. so at the top

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23
Q

industry factional distillation order ?

A 
refinery gases
gasoline
naphtha
kerosene (paraffin)
diesel
fuel oil
bitumen
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24
Q

uses for refinery gases

A

bottled gas , heating and making glass

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25
uses for gasoline
car fuel
26
uses for naphtha
starting material for plastics, dyes, drugs...
27
uses for kerosene (paraffin)
jet fuel, domestic heating and paint
28
uses for diesel
fuel for larger motors
29
uses for fuel oil
fuel for big ships and central heating
30
uses for bitumen
roads and roofs
31
how is carbon monoxide formed? | what effect does it have?
when hydrocarbon fuels burn without enough oxygen (incomplete combustion) poisonous as stops cells carrying blood
32
how are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides formed? | what effects does they have?
released when fossil fuels burnt : -SO2 comes from sulfur impurities in fuels -NO(2)s created when temp high enough for N and O2 to react cause acid rain
33
what is acid rain caused by ? | what effect does it have?
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides makes lakes acidic (kills life) damages limestone buildings and stone statues
34
why do we need cracking?
demand for shorter hydrocarbons is much higher (e.g. petrol) and also produces alkenes (for polymers)
35
what is cracking ?
thermally decomposing long hydrocarbons into shorter hydrocarbons + alkenes, sped up with a catalyst
36
describe the cracking process
alternate heat between paraffin and catalyst until paraffin vaporizes and catalyst glows red (the heated paraffin cracks over catalyst) small alkane collected at end of tube alkene gas collected in gas jar
37
how are addition polymers made up ?
monomers with C=C (alkenes) under high pressure + catalyst makes their bonds open up and they connect up to form long saturated chains
38
conditions for cracking
silica or alumina catalyst | 600 - 700 degrees Celsius
39
what is condensation polymerization ?
reacting 2 different monomers so they bond and form a polymer for each new bond, a small molecule is lost (e.g. water)
40
uses for poly(ethene)
it is light and stretchable so is ideal for packaging (plastic bottles and bags...)
41
uses for poly(propene)
it is tough, relatively flexible and heat resistant so used for kettles, food containers ...
42
uses for (chloroethene)
used for clothes, pipes and insulating electrical wires
43
why are polymers hard to get rid of?
they are inert as their C-C bond is very strong so can't easily be broken this means it takes long for them to biodegrade so it is best to recycle/reuse
44
what is haber process for ?
making ammonia
45
equation for haber process
N² (g) + 3H² (g) 2NH³ (g) (+heat)
46
where are nitrogen and hydrogen obtained from for haber process ?
nitrogen - air | hydrogen - natural gas / cracking
47
conditions for haber process
pressure : 200 atm temp : 450 degrees Celsius catalyst : iron
48
describe the pressure in haber process
set high (200) to give best % yield (as high pressure favors forward reaction) (4-2)
49
describe the temp in haber process
set high even tho it moves the equilibrium the wrong way as making it cold would slow the reaction
50
describe what happens to the reactants in haber process
form ammonia which is a gas but cools and liquefies to be collected unused H and N recycled
51
what does the catalyst do in the haber process ?
speeds up the reaction without affecting the % yield
52
uses for ammonia
used to make nitric acid can also make ammonia nitrate (ammonia + nitric acid) ammonia nitrate used in fertilizers (plants use nitrogen to make proteins)
53
what is contact process for ?
making sulfuric acid
54
describe the steps of contact process
burn sulfur in air to form sulfur dioxide oxidize sulfur dioxide (+ catalyst) to form sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide dissolved in sulfuric acid to form oleum oleum dilluted with water to form sulfuric acid
55
describe what is needed for step 2 of contact process
increase pressure for best % yield should reduce temp however slows the reaction so hot catalyst important !
56
conditions for contact process
temp : 450 pressure : 1 or 2 catalyst : vanadium (V) oxide
57
uses for sulfuric acid
fertilizers detergents paints
58
hydrogen in electrolysis of brine
given off at cathode as two H ions accept two electrons to become one H² molecule
59
chlorine in electrolysis of brine
given off at anode as two Cl ions lose their electrons to become one Cl² molecule
60
sodium and hydroxide in electrolysis of brine
stay in solution (hydroxide from water) and react to form sodium hydroxide
61
how to test if a liquid is an electrolyte?
place conductivity probe into and look at reading | or set up electrolytic cell and see if electrolysis undergoes
62
what is different with electrolysis in aqueous solutions?
hydrogen and hydroxide ions are present
63
what happens at the cathode in aqueous electrolysis?
if metal more reactive than H+ ions, hydrogen gas produced | if metal less reactive, layer of pure metal produced
64
what happens at the anode in aqueous electrolysis?
if OH- and halide ions present, molecules of Cl², Br² and I² form if no halide ions, oxygen forms
65
how to increase amount of product in electrolysis ?
increase no. of electrons by: electrolise for longer increase the current
66
charge =
current x time
67
what is one Faraday ?
one mole of electrons
68
what are the two ways of making ethanol?
reacting ethene and steam | fermentation
69
How can you make ethanol from ethene? | what are the advantages / disadvantages ?
react with steam cheap process and not much is wasted non-renewable so will run out/become expensive
70
conditions for ethene + steam
300 degrees 60-70 atm phosphoric acid catalyst
71
How can you make ethanol from fermentation? | what conditions?
``` convert sugar (e.g. glucose) into ethanol using yeast 30 degrees ```
72
what are the advantages / disadvantages of fermentation to produce ethanol ?
renewable therefore reliable | not very concentrated therefore must be purified and distilled
73
describe the dehydration of ethanol
remove water from ethanol to form ethene by soaking ceramic wool with it and heat next to aluminium oxide catalyst as vapour passes over hot catalyst, it becomes ethene gas
74
When at cathode, ions are always...
Reduced (gain of electrons)
75
When at anode, ions always...
Oxidised (loss of electrons)
76
What is an electrolyte ?
Substance that contains ions and undergoes electrolysis
77
Coulomb =
Time (s) x amps
78
1 mile of coulombs =
96000 coulombs (1 faraday)
79
What is cryolite for?
Used to dissolve aluminium oxide to lower (keep temp low)

Chemistry by Thaidz (5 decks)

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