Principles of Anesthesiology Flashcards
partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness
anesthesia
absence of the normal sense of pain
analgesia
what are 4 complications of aspiration?
- bronchospasm
- pneumonia
- ARDS
- abscess
what is the fasting time for clear liquids?
two hours
what is the fasting time for non-clear liquids
four hours
what is the fasting time of a light meal or snack
six hours
what is the fasting time for a full meal
eight hours
what are 2 things that muscle relaxants do not ensure?
- unconsciousness or amnesia
- analgesia
what are the 2 types of muscle relaxants?
- depolarizing
- nondepolarizing
what do the depolarizing muscle relaxants mimic?
the action of acetylcholine
what is the MOA of the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants?
competitive antagonists
what is succinylcholine not metabolized by?
acetylcholine
what is succinylcholine matabolized by?
pseudocholinesterase
if the dibucaine number is less than 80, what should not be given?
succinylcholine
what are the 2 nondepolarizing muscle relaxants?
- verocuronium
- rocuronium
what are the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants not metabolized by?
- acetylcholinesterase
- pseudocholinesterase
what is a reversal agent of the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants?
cholinesterase inhibitors
what is the first selective relaxant binding agent?
sugammadex
what is sugammadex used for?
reversal of the neuromuscular blockade
what are the 3 most common SEs of sugammadex?
- nausea
- vomiting
- pain
what is an inherited myopathy that is seen and can cause a hypermetabolic state?
malignant hyperthermia
what is there a defect in that can lead to malignant hypertehrmia?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what is a trigger agent to malignant hyperthermia?
succinycholine
how do you treat malignant hyperthermia?
- discontinue triggering agents
- 100% O2
- cool the patient
what can be given to treat malignant hyperthermia?
dantrolene
what is the MOA of dantrolene?
impairs muscle contraction and inhibits release of calcium
what type of ABX are patients usually allergic to?
- penicillin
- cephalosporins
what agents are most often responsible for allergic reactions in the surgical population?
succinylcholine and atracurium
what is a main adverse effect seen after spinal anesthesia?
headache
what are 2 neuroendocrine stress responses?
- hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous symptoms
- changes in endocrine function
what is the IV:PO conversion of morphine?
1:3
what can CBD increase in regards to opioids?
can increase plasma opioid concentrations
what is the effect of CBD in regards to warfarin?
inhibition of anticoagulant metabolism and subsequent supratherapeutic plasma levels
what do surgical patients have an increased risk of if they have taken cannabis?
MI
