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Principles Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Sense things, move, make secretions, reflexes and emote, think , remember (higher functions)

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2
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves or parts of nerves that are not located within the brain or spinal cord eg. cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomic nerves

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4
Q

What is a group of nerve cell bodies called in the CNS?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What is a group of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

a ganglion

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6
Q

What is an axon?

A

A nerve fibre- an electrical cable conveying action potentials

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7
Q

When is the tern nerve used?

A

When refering to a peripheral nerve

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8
Q

What is a bundle of axons travelling in the CNS called?

A

tract

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9
Q

What is a bundle of axons travelling in the PNS called?

A

peripheral nerve

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Electrical insultor- myelinated nerves conduct action potentials faster

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11
Q

Give an example of a named nerve

A

Musculocutaneous nerve- supplies the biceps brachi

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12
Q

Which nerves are big enough to be seen?

A

Peripheral nerves and their branches can often be seen in dissection.

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13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

One neuron communicates with another neurone in a ganglion in the PNS or in the nucleus in the CNS

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14
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

An electrical signal or action potential becomes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) then an electrical signal (AP) again

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15
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Extensions of the nerve cell

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16
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord

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17
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

One if the ‘sausage’ type fold in the brain- pleural = gyri

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18
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

The space in between the folds of the brain- pleural= sulci

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19
Q

What is the cerebral neocortex?

A

Outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphers consisting of all the gyri and sulci

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20
Q

How ae the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere named?

A

According to the bone of the cranial vault they lie deep to ie. frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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21
Q

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres sagitally?

A

Sagittally through the longitudinal fissure.

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22
Q

Name the cranial nerves.

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducent
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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23
Q

How does the cranial nerves pass between the brain and periphery?

A

Through foraminae/fissures/canal at the base of the skull

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24
Q

What are the foraminae for the cranial nerves?

A 
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglassal canal
Foramen magnum
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25
How does CN I pass through the base of the skull?
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
26
Which cranial nerve pass through the optic canal?
CN II
27
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2
28
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3
29
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII, VIII
30
Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI
31
Which cranial nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII
32
What is jugular foramen syndrome?
Pathology in the jugular foramen potentially causing nerve injury to CN IX, X, XI
33
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, V1 and VI
34
What is a cranial nerves course?
The journey a CN takes between the CNS and the peripheral structures it supplies
35
Give an example of a pathology that could affect the CNS part of a CNs course?
Brainstem stroke
36
Give a pathology which could affect the intracranial part of a CNs course?
Intracranial tumour
37
Give an example of pathology which could affect the extracranial part of a CNs course?
Extracranial trauma
38
What is the brains grey matter?
Cerebral cortex of the brain
39
What is the brain's white matter?
Deep to the grey matter. Contains many axons covered in myelin- gives the whiter appearance
40
What is the arrangement of the white and grey matter in the spinal cord?
White matter is the superficial and grey matter is deep
41
Where are the axons located in the spinal cord?
Superficially in the white matter
42
Where are the cell bodies located in the spinal cord?
Grey matter
43
Where does the spinal cord pass through?
Foramen magnum of the occipital bone
44
What is the spinal cord protected within?
The vertebral canal
45
Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical- upper limb nerves | Lumbosacral- lower limb nerves
46
What are the four sections of the spinal cord>
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal
47
How many nerves connect bilaterally to the spinal cord>
31 pairs
48
Where does the spinal cord end?
At L1/L2 intervertebral disc
49
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
50
What is the cauda equina?
lumbar and sacral spinal nerve ROOTS have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae
51
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 pairs
52
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12 pairs
53
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
54
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
55
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1 pair
56
Where is a typical spinal nerve located?
Within the intervertebral foramen BELOW the vertebra of the same number
57
What connects the spinal nerve to the spinal cord>
the roots and rootlets
58
What connects the spinal nerve to the structures of the body wall?
Rami
59
Where are the cell bodies in a spinal nerve?
posterior root ganglion
60
What is the dermatome map?
The segmental arrangement of the spinal nerves supply to the body wall
61
What is the dermatome of a spinal nerve?
the area of skin supplied by BOTH the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve
62
Where does the posterior rami supply?
The posterior paramedian strip of the dermatome
63
Where does the anterior rami supply?
It is larger0 supplies the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and anterior parts of the dermatome
64
What is different about limb dermatome?
No posterior rami- supplied only by the anterior rami via plexi.
65
What are nerve plexi?
Networks of intertwined anterior rami axons
66
What plexus supplies the neck wall?
Right cervical plexus (C1-C4)
67
What plexus supplies the upper limb>
Right brachial plexus (C5-T1)
68
What is a named branch of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous nerve- made from axons of both the C5 and C^ anterior rami
69
What plexus supplies the lower limb?
Right lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
70
What plexus supplies the pelvis/perimeum and lower limb?
Right sacral plexus (L5-S4)
71
What are named nerves>
They contain axons from more than one spinal nerve and result from a plexus
72
What are the five named nerves of the right brachial plexus?
Axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar
73
Which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns?
T1- L2
74
Why do some spinal cord segments have lateral horns?
For cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurones in the chain
75
Where do sympathetic axons from the brain descend>
In white matter of the spinal cord
76
What is a para vertebral ganglion of sympathetic trunks?
The trunks run paralel to the vertebral column
77
Where is the sympathetic trunk?
Runs the full length of the vertbral column
78
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
CN III, VII, IX, X ie. occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus

Anatomy (7 decks)

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