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Anatomy > Principles Nerves > Flashcards

Principles Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Sense things, move, make secretions, reflexes and emote, think , remember (higher functions)

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2
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves or parts of nerves that are not located within the brain or spinal cord eg. cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomic nerves

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4
Q

What is a group of nerve cell bodies called in the CNS?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What is a group of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

a ganglion

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6
Q

What is an axon?

A

A nerve fibre- an electrical cable conveying action potentials

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7
Q

When is the tern nerve used?

A

When refering to a peripheral nerve

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8
Q

What is a bundle of axons travelling in the CNS called?

A

tract

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9
Q

What is a bundle of axons travelling in the PNS called?

A

peripheral nerve

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Electrical insultor- myelinated nerves conduct action potentials faster

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11
Q

Give an example of a named nerve

A

Musculocutaneous nerve- supplies the biceps brachi

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12
Q

Which nerves are big enough to be seen?

A

Peripheral nerves and their branches can often be seen in dissection.

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13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

One neuron communicates with another neurone in a ganglion in the PNS or in the nucleus in the CNS

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14
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

An electrical signal or action potential becomes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) then an electrical signal (AP) again

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15
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Extensions of the nerve cell

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16
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord

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17
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

One if the ‘sausage’ type fold in the brain- pleural = gyri

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18
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

The space in between the folds of the brain- pleural= sulci

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19
Q

What is the cerebral neocortex?

A

Outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphers consisting of all the gyri and sulci

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20
Q

How ae the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere named?

A

According to the bone of the cranial vault they lie deep to ie. frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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21
Q

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres sagitally?

A

Sagittally through the longitudinal fissure.

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22
Q

Name the cranial nerves.

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducent
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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23
Q

How does the cranial nerves pass between the brain and periphery?

A

Through foraminae/fissures/canal at the base of the skull

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24
Q

What are the foraminae for the cranial nerves?

A 
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglassal canal
Foramen magnum
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25
Q

How does CN I pass through the base of the skull?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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26
Q

Which cranial nerve pass through the optic canal?

A

CN II

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27
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2

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28
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, VIII

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30
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI

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31
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

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32
Q

What is jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Pathology in the jugular foramen potentially causing nerve injury to CN IX, X, XI

33
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V1 and VI

34
Q

What is a cranial nerves course?

A

The journey a CN takes between the CNS and the peripheral structures it supplies

35
Q

Give an example of a pathology that could affect the CNS part of a CNs course?

A

Brainstem stroke

36
Q

Give a pathology which could affect the intracranial part of a CNs course?

A

Intracranial tumour

37
Q

Give an example of pathology which could affect the extracranial part of a CNs course?

A

Extracranial trauma

38
Q

What is the brains grey matter?

A

Cerebral cortex of the brain

39
Q

What is the brain’s white matter?

A

Deep to the grey matter. Contains many axons covered in myelin- gives the whiter appearance

40
Q

What is the arrangement of the white and grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter is the superficial and grey matter is deep

41
Q

Where are the axons located in the spinal cord?

A

Superficially in the white matter

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies located in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

43
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Foramen magnum of the occipital bone

44
Q

What is the spinal cord protected within?

A

The vertebral canal

45
Q

Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical- upper limb nerves

Lumbosacral- lower limb nerves

46
Q

What are the four sections of the spinal cord>

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal

47
Q

How many nerves connect bilaterally to the spinal cord>

A

31 pairs

48
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At L1/L2 intervertebral disc

49
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

50
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

lumbar and sacral spinal nerve ROOTS have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae

51
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

52
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

53
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

54
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

55
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

56
Q

Where is a typical spinal nerve located?

A

Within the intervertebral foramen BELOW the vertebra of the same number

57
Q

What connects the spinal nerve to the spinal cord>

A

the roots and rootlets

58
Q

What connects the spinal nerve to the structures of the body wall?

A

Rami

59
Q

Where are the cell bodies in a spinal nerve?

A

posterior root ganglion

60
Q

What is the dermatome map?

A

The segmental arrangement of the spinal nerves supply to the body wall

61
Q

What is the dermatome of a spinal nerve?

A

the area of skin supplied by BOTH the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve

62
Q

Where does the posterior rami supply?

A

The posterior paramedian strip of the dermatome

63
Q

Where does the anterior rami supply?

A

It is larger0 supplies the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and anterior parts of the dermatome

64
Q

What is different about limb dermatome?

A

No posterior rami- supplied only by the anterior rami via plexi.

65
Q

What are nerve plexi?

A

Networks of intertwined anterior rami axons

66
Q

What plexus supplies the neck wall?

A

Right cervical plexus (C1-C4)

67
Q

What plexus supplies the upper limb>

A

Right brachial plexus (C5-T1)

68
Q

What is a named branch of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve- made from axons of both the C5 and C^ anterior rami

69
Q

What plexus supplies the lower limb?

A

Right lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

70
Q

What plexus supplies the pelvis/perimeum and lower limb?

A

Right sacral plexus (L5-S4)

71
Q

What are named nerves>

A

They contain axons from more than one spinal nerve and result from a plexus

72
Q

What are the five named nerves of the right brachial plexus?

A

Axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar

73
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns?

A

T1- L2

74
Q

Why do some spinal cord segments have lateral horns?

A

For cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurones in the chain

75
Q

Where do sympathetic axons from the brain descend>

A

In white matter of the spinal cord

76
Q

What is a para vertebral ganglion of sympathetic trunks?

A

The trunks run paralel to the vertebral column

77
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk?

A

Runs the full length of the vertbral column

78
Q

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X ie. occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus

Anatomy (7 decks)

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