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General > Principles Immunology Outcomes > Flashcards

Principles Immunology Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Identifies and eliminates microorganism and other harmful substances, as well as abnormal cells.

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2
Q

Provide examples of how modulating the immune system has been the basis of many advances in human health.

A

Vaccination and immune suppression.

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3
Q

List key components of the body that protect against infection.

A

Immune system, skin, mucous, commensal bacteria.

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4
Q

State the major components of the immune system.

A

Phagocytes, i.e. neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells.

Lymphocytes, i.e. T cells, B cells, NK cells.

Mast cells, Eosinophils and Basophils.

Soluble/Humoral Factors: antibodies, complement system proteins, cytokines, acute phase proteins.

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5
Q

How do cell-mediated and humoral immunity differ?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by leukocytes.

Humoral Immunity is mediated by soluble macro-molecules (lipids, proteins) found in extracellular secretions and fluids.

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6
Q

What cells are involved in anti-viral immunity?

A

Cytokines, i.e. interferons.
Antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells/lymphocytes.
Natural killer cells.

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7
Q

What cells are involved in anti-helminth (parasitic worms) immunity?

A

Eosinophils, mast cells and basophils.

Antibodies and B cells.

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8
Q

What cells are involved in intracellular: bacteria and parasitic. immunity?

A

Antibodies and B cells.
Cytotoxic T cell/lymphocyte.
Natural killer cells.

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9
Q

What cells/factors are involved in extracellular: bacteria, parasitic and fungal, immunity?

A 
Neutrophils, macrophages.
Complement.
Antibodies.
CTL. 
Natural killer cells.
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10
Q

Give an example of a cytokine.

A

Interferons, tumour necrosis factor a, chemokines and interleukins.

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11
Q

What is the function of interferon?

A

anti-viral

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12
Q

what is the function of tumour necrosis factor a?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokine

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13
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

control and direct cell migration.

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14
Q

What is the function of interleukins?

A

Each has various functions.

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15
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced in response to an antigen, and bind to that specific antigen.

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16
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

Antigen activated B-cells.

17
Q

What are Natural Killer cells? What is their function?

A

Large granular lymphocytes capable of killing tumour and virally infected cells.

They can also kill antibody-bound cells and pathogens.

18
Q

What are T cells and B cells?

A

Mature cells constantly circulating blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues.

They remain inactive until they encounter a pathogen/antigen.

19
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

They are responsible for production and secretion of antibodies.

20
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Produce: helper T cells - regulators of the immune system, and Cytotoxic T cells- kill virally infected body cells.

21
Q

Define immunological memory. What is it mediated by?

A

Adaptive immune system recognized and responds to an antigen, and subsequently exhibits life-long immunity to that antigen.

Mediated by memory T cells and memory B cells?

22
Q

What are mast cells?

A

They reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces.

23
Q

what do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils have in common?

A

They are highly granular cells which release chemicals, e.g. histamine, heparin and cytokines in acute inflammation.

They defend against large pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed, e.g. parasitic worms.

They play a key role in mediating allergic responses.

24
Q

How do primary and secondary lymphoid tissues differ?

A

Primary: sites of leukocyte development.

Secondary: site of initiation of adaptive immune response. Contain T cells, dendritic cells and B cells.

25
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

Lymphatic obstruction due to cancer, inherited conditions, parasitic infections.

26
Q

What is the complement system?

A

family of proteins, that enter infected/inflamed tissues when activated.

Role in promoting inflammation and defence against certain bacterial species.

27
Q

Name the phagocytic cells and their functions.

A

Monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils.

They ingest and kill bacteria and fungi through phagocytosis.

They also clear debris (apoptotic cells and immune complexes) from the body.

They are important sources of cytokines which regulate acute inflammatory responses.

28
Q

Describe monocytes.

A

Circulate the blood, or migrate into peripheral tissues and differentiate into macrophages.

29
Q

Describe macrophages.

A

Long-livedepithelial tissue resident phagocytes.

examples: kupffer cells of liver, alveolar macrophages, microglial cells.

They limit inflammation, involved in tissue repair, wound healing and antigen presentation. Ingest and kill extracellular pathogens. Clear debris.

SECRETE IL-10 TO LIMIT INFLAMMATION.

30
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A

Aka as polymorphonuclear cells or PMNS.

Phagocytic cells circulating the blood. Short lived. Rapidly recruited to inflamed, damaged and infected tissues.

31
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Present in peripheral tissues in an immature state.

They then phagocytose antigens.

Subsequently mature and migrate into secondary lymphoid tissues where they play a key role in antigen presentation to T cells.

32
Q

List the cells involved in killing and degradation, from most involved, to least.

A
  1. neutrophils.
  2. macrophages.
  3. dendritic cells.
33
Q

List the cells involved in antigen presentation, from most involved, to least.

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Neutrophils.
34
Q

Wound healing anti-inflammatory cells.

A

Macrophages.

35
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Vessels draining lymph from body tissues.

Lymph nodes are regularly positioned along lymph vessels - trap pathogens and antigens in lymph.

36
Q

Describe the innate immune system.

A

Rapid response, generic.

Acute inflammation, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, neutrophils, complement.

37
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system.

A

Slow response, antibodies unique to individual pathogens.

Mediated by t and b lymphocytes. p

Responsible for generating immunological memory.

38
Q

What does CRP indicate?

A

inflammation.

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