Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sports and Exercise Medicine iBSc > Principles II > Flashcards

Principles II Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Those that run across the axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Fracture which goes at angle to axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Runs around axis of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Many relatively small fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Piece of bone attached to tendon or ligament is torn away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Displaced

A

Parts of bone break and move from place and don’t remain correctly aligned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-displaced

A

Crack or break in bone remain in alignment and don’t move from their place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Periosteal injury

A

Direct blow, bleeding under periosteum

e.g. tibia from kick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bone remodelling happens when

A

In response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wolff law

A

Bone remodels in direct response to the forces applied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stress fracture process

A

When bone’s reparative capacity is overwhelmed by chronic overload, damage can begin to accumulate, and if allowed to progress this multifactorial process can lead to stress fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone overuse

A

Increased osteoclastic activity at sides of bone stress or strain may cause transient weakening of the bone locally, predisposing to microdamage
Unless given appropriate time for healing and osteoblastic mediated bone deposition, adjusting sites of microdamage are thought to coalesce, giving rise to sites of stress reaction or injury
At this stage may be minimally symptomatic, and if do plain film radiograph may appear normal. If patient does not rest with progressive overload the bone becomes increasingly vulnerable and patient develops symptoms that are thought to reflect extent of underlying bone injury
–> if uninterrupted, may develop into stress fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stress fracture

A

Microfracture due to repetitive loading that, over time, exceeds the bone’s intrinsic ability to repair itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 mechanisms for overload

A

Impact forces

Muscle pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Impact forces example

A

Metatarsal in marching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscle pull example

A

Neck of femur in female marathon runners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fatigue stress fracture

A

Normal bone unable to keep up with repair when repeatedly damaged or stressed- normal bone, abnormal stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insufficiency stress fractures

A

Under normal strain, but structurally abnormal because of metabolic bone disease or osteoporosis
Abnormally or weakened bone but normal stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stress fractures can occur in

A

Sedentary people who suddenly take up exercise, may also occur in athletes completing high volume high impact training e.g. running or jumping sports
Also reported in soldiers who march long distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do stress fractures usually occur

A

Weight bearing bones

Tibia, metatarsals and navicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Less common stress fracture areas

A

Femur

Pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Periostitis definition

A

Inflammation of periosteum (tendon attachment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Periostitis examples

A

Medial tibial stress syndrome
Repetitive jump, run, lift and weights
e.g. shin splints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Articular cartilage function

A

Shock absorber

Joint lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Articular or hyaline cartilage

A

Covers joint surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Knee meniscus

Vertebral disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Outer ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Osteochondral injury

A

Damage to articular cartilage +/- subchondral bone

Poor healing capacity because of inadequate blood supply (nutrition via diffusion from synovium, aided by joint loading)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Can osteochondral injury predispose to OA

A

Yes

e.g. talar dome with inversion injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Osteochondral lesions contributors

A

Trauma, repetitive strain and poor supply to area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Severity of osteochondral injury

A

Varies

Small defect/crack to large piece broken up in knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Osteochondral injury symptoms

A 
Pain
Swelling
Catching
Point tenderness
Loss of motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Confirming osteochondral injury diagnosis

A

X Ray

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Osteochondral injury conservative treatment

A 
Rest
ICE
NSAIDS
activity modifications
Bracing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Osteochondral injury more severe

A

Arthroscopy often recommended to repair or remove the fragment, and other surgical options include bone grafting, and stimulating blood flow to damaged area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Meniscal injury

A

Tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Intervertebral disc injury

A

Prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Long periods of stress on cartilage

A

Overuse can cause damage

Inflammation, breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage in joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Overuse pathway of cartilage

A 
Microscopic inflammation -->
Softening -->
Fibrillation -->
Fissuring -->
Gross Disruption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Osteochondritis Dessicans

A

Separation of bone and cartilage from normal surrounding bone and cartilage
e.g. medial femoral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Osteochondritis Dessicans process

A

Focal area of subchondral bone that undergoes necrosis
Overlying cartilage remains intact to variable degrees, receiving nourishment from synovial fluid
When osteonecrotic bone is resorbed, the cartilage loses its supporting structure and subsequently the bony fragment may be displaced into joint space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Osteochondritis Dessicans symptoms

A

Pain during and after sports

In later stages may cause joint swelling and can lock and catch during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete disassociation of joint surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Subluxation

A

Articulating surfaces remain partially in contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Acute joint damage

A

Associated soft tissue damage

If large, increased risk of recurrent dislocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Overuse joint damage

A

Chronic inflammation secondary to overuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sinus Tarsi syndrome

A

Thought to be related to post traumatic complications to recurrent ankle sprains
Present with localised pain in sinus tarsi location, with feeling of instability and aggravation by weight bearing activities
Patients do poorly on uneven surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sinus Tarsi causes

A

Inversion ankle sprain (70-80% of the time)

Pinching/impinging of soft tissues due to very pronated foot (20-30%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Sinus tarsi physical presentation

A

Pain on sinus tarsi region with aggravation on foot inversion or eversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sinus tarsi treatment

A 
NSAIDs
Stable shoes
Period of immobilisation
Over counter orthosis
Ankle sleeve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sinus tarsi resistant cases

A

Steroid injection
Physical therapy
Cast ormothosis
Rarely surgery is indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

OA

A

Fraying of cartilage (+/- loose fragments), bony cysts, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophytes, thickening of synovium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

OA RFs

A

o Age, FHx, congenital/developmental joint alterations, alterations of supporting structures, injury, obesity, occupational overuse
o Congenital hip dysplasia, slipped capital femoral disease
o Hypermobility
o Meniscal and cruciate stress increase risk of subsequent development of OA by 5-10 times
o Obesity- increased risk of OA in knee particularly in women
o Sex hormones may play part as OA in knee in women more common in postmenopausal women compared to men at same age
o Manual handling jobs e.g. lifting and climbing tasks at work- increased risk of hip and knee OA
o Hip OA- bending or twisting positions
o Knee OA- kneeling or squatting position
o More OA in male soccer players- increased tibiofemoral joint involvements, in weightlifters patellofemoral involvement, in female elite athletes 3x more OA in knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens in OA

A

Breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone
Inflammation of synovium and joint capsule can also occur
Other structures within joint can be affected- ligaments can become thickened and fibrotic, and menisci damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Osteophytes

A

New bone outgrowths
Can grow on margins of joints in OA, possible in attempt to improve congruence of articular cartilage surfaces on absence of menisci

58
Q

Subchondral bone OA

A

Bone vol. increases and becomes less mineralized

59
Q

Pain OA

A

Related to thickened synovium and subchondral bone lesions

60
Q

Primary cause OA

A

thought to be damage from mechanical stress with its afficient cell repair by joints
Sources of stress may be misalignment of bones, congenital/pathogenic, mechanical injury, fat, loss of strength in muscle supporting joint, impairment of peripheral nerves leading to sudden or uncoordinated movements

61
Q

Stress (force) causes

A

Strain= deformation of tissue

Internal force within ligament tries to resist change in dimension caused by external force

62
Q

Strain

A

Resultant change in dimension

63
Q

Elastic range

A

When force release, tissue will return to original size

64
Q

Elastic limit

A

Deformation becomes permanent beyond this

65
Q

Plastic range

A

Permanent deformation range

66
Q

Failure

A

Sufficient force to cause rupture of tissue

67
Q

Acute ligament injury- Grade 1

A

Stretching of fibres
Minimal tearing
No laxity/normal end feel
No instability

68
Q

Acute ligament injury- Grade 2

A

Partial tear
Laxity/normal end feel
Loose

69
Q

Acute ligament injury- Grade 3

A

Complete tear
LAxity
No end feel
Instability

70
Q

Collateral ligaments

A

Knee can pop

Pain and swelling

71
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Hear popping sound as injury occurs
Leg may buckle as attempt to get up
Swelling within 24-36 hours

72
Q

Grade 3 ankle sprain

A

Can also produce popping sound
Severe pain
Swelling and bruising- ligament no longer does job so v unstable

73
Q

MCL inflammation breaststroke swimmers

A

Knee

Repetitive valgus loas across knee

74
Q

MCL elbow

A

Repetitive throwing with valgus loading

75
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Overuse syndrome of foot

Pain in heel and bottom of foot

76
Q

Plantar fasciitis pain

A

Pain felt bending foot and toes up to ceiling
Most painful at first steps of day or after rest
Pain typically comes on gradually and affects both feet in about 1/3 of cases

77
Q

Plantar fasciitis RFs

A 
	Excessive running
	Standing on hard surfaces for long time
	High arches of foot
	Presence of length inequality
	Flat feet
	Obesity seen in 70% of people that present with PF
	Achilles tendon tightness
	Inappropriate footwear
78
Q

Plantar fasciitis treatment

A 
Most cases time and conservative treatment:
Stretching
Rest
Avoidance of walking on hard surfaces
Insoles
Cushioned shoes
Physio
Avoidance of stuff
79
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Activity whilst muscle is shortening

80
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Activity whilst muscle is lengthening

81
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Activity with no change in muscle length

82
Q

Isotonic

A

Movement occurring at equal force throughout range

83
Q

Isokinetic

A

Movement occurring at equal speed throughout range

84
Q

Grade 1 tear- pathology

A

Small number muscle fibres torn
Fascia intact
Minimal bleeding

85
Q

Grade 1 tear- signs

A

Mild pain
FROM
Full strength

86
Q

Grade 2 tear- pathology

A

Significant number of muscle fibres torn

Increased bleeding

87
Q

Grade 2 tear- signs

A

Increased pain
Swelling
Decreased ROM and strength
Palpable haematoma

88
Q

Grade 3 tear- pathology

A

Complete tear (usually at musculotendinous junction)

89
Q

Grade 3 tear- signs

A

Bleeding and swelling +++
No active contraction
Can be obvious gap where tear has happened

90
Q

Cramps

A

Painful, involuntary contractions
Occur suddenly and are temporarily debilitating
In both skeletal and smooth muscle

91
Q

Skeletal muscle cramps

A

Caused by muscle fatigue, or lack of electrolytes

e.g. Na, K and Mg

92
Q

Smooth muscle cramps

A

Caused by menstruation or gastroenteritis

93
Q

Cramp triggers

A

Dehydration, low level of minerals, or reduced blood flow through muscle may be triggers
Lactic acid build up

94
Q

Leg cramps are associated with

A 
CV disease
Haemodialysis
Cirrhosis
Pregnancy
Lumbar canal stenosis
95
Q

Contusions (N.B. myositis ossificans)

A

Direct blow causes bleeding with haematoma formation

e.g. dead leg in footballers

96
Q

Non-hereditary myositis ossificans

A

Calcifications occur on the side of the injured muscle, most commonly in arms or quads of thighs
Exact mechanism unclear
Thought to be due to inappropriate response of stem cells in bone against injury or because of inflammation, causing inappropriate differentiation of fibroblasts into osteogenic cells

97
Q

Focal fibrosis

A

repetitive microtrauma –> chronic inflammation + adhesions

muscle overuse, resultant fibrosis

98
Q

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)

A

Exercise –> increases intra-compartment pressure –> tight fascia limits expansion –> impairs blood supply –> pain

99
Q

CECS symptoms

A 
Pain
Tightness
Cramps
Weakness
Diminished sensation
Can occur for months or years before diagnosed
Usually relieved by rest
100
Q

DOMS

A

Aching 24-48 hours post exercise (especially eccentric)

Secondary to inflammatory cell/metabolite build up e.g. downhill running

101
Q

DOMS symptoms

A

Pain and stiffness

Unaccustomed or strenuous exercise

102
Q

DOMS mechanism

A

Thought to be eccentric lengthening exercises which causes microtrauma to muscle fibres
After exercise muscle adapts rapidly and then there is soreness if repeated

103
Q

Myofascial pain causes

A

Can be due to injuries, stress, inflammation and poor posture
Subjective weakness of involved muscle
Referred pain from trigger points

104
Q

Myofascial pain trigger points

A

Exquisitely tender point in taut band of muscle
Hardening of muscle upon trigger point palpation- hard knots beneath skin
Chronic pain
Can appear in many body parts- characterized into active or latent

105
Q

Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia

A

Shared symptoms with fibromyalgia
BUT fibromyalgia generally more widespread, is a systemic disease (central sensitivity syndrome) and usually associated with fatigue

106
Q

Active myofascial trigger points

A

Spontaneous pain or in response to movement

Can lead to locally referred pain

107
Q

Latent myofascial trigger points

A

Sensitive point with pain or discomfort only elicited in response to compression

108
Q

Myofascial pain symptoms

A

Focal point tenderness
Reproduction of pain on muscle on trigger point palpation
Referred pain
Limited ROM following sustained pressure

109
Q

Myofascial pain treatment

A

Massage therapy at trigger points- short term relief
Physical therapy- gentle stretching and exercise- useful for recovery full ROM
Gentle stretching reduces symptoms
Gentle activity

110
Q

CECS symptoms

A

Brought on by exercise
Extreme tiredness in muscle and painful burning
After exercise, pressure relieves and pain stops after couple of minutes
Symptoms occur at certain threshold of exercise- varies person to person
Foot drop may be symptom

111
Q

CECs most commonly in

A

Lower leg

Anterior most common

112
Q

CECS diagnosis

A

Diagnosis of exclusion
Measurement of intra-compartmental pressures during symptom production
Non-invasive methods- NIRS using sensors in skin
Imaging studies to exclude other things
MRI

113
Q

CECS average duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis

A

28 months

114
Q

CECS differential diagnosis

A

Muscle strain
Medial tibial stress syndrome
Stress fracture
Popliteal artery entratment

115
Q

CECS treatment

A

NSAIDs

116
Q

CECS - should avoid

A

Splints
Casts
Tight wound dressings

117
Q

CECS treatment if conservative doesn’t work

A

Fasciotomy

118
Q

Tendon tears usually occur at

A

Site of least blood supply
Musculotendinous junction
complete or partial

119
Q

Tendinopathy

A

Chronically painful tendon

120
Q

Tendinosis

A

Collagen degeneration
Neovascularisation
e.g. patella + achilles tendon

121
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendon

e.g. inflammatory arthritides

122
Q

Paratenonitis

A

Inflammation of paratenon/tendon sheath

e.g. de Quearvain’s tenosynovitis

123
Q

Tendinopathy and tendinitis symptoms

A 
Pain
Swelling
Impaired function
Pain worse with movement
Mostly around shoulder and elbow
124
Q

De Q

A

Inflammation of APL and EPB (control movement of thumb)

125
Q

De Q symptoms

A

Pain in outside part of wrist that increases with gripping or rotating wrist, and thumb may be difficult to move

126
Q

De Q RFs

A

Include certain repetitive movements, trauma or rheumatic diseases

127
Q

Finkelstein’s test

A

Grasps and ulnar deviated hand when thumb held in fist- sharp pain on radius if test positive
for de Q?

128
Q

Treatment of tendinopathies

A 
Rest
NSAIDs
Splinting
Physio
Steroid injections
Therapy
129
Q

80% of people with tendinopathies get better within

A

6 months

130
Q

Bursa

A

Facilitate movement of tendon over bony surface

131
Q

Bursa acute

A

Traumatic bursitis

Due to direct knock causing bleeding into bursa

132
Q

Bursa Overuse

A

Bursitis
e.g. subdeltoid bursitis
Parapatellar bursitis

133
Q

Bursitis

A

pain and tenderness

bursa sacs may swell, making movement difficult

134
Q

Bursa in what joints most affected

A

Shoulder
Elbow
Knee
Foot

135
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Acute nerve issue
Due to direct blow
Symptoms (tingling, numbness, pain +/- weakness) in distribution of nerve
e.g. common peroneal nerve at neck of fibula

136
Q

Nerve entrapment

A

Acute or chronic

e.g. prolapsed intervertebral disc + nerve root compression

137
Q

Adverse neural tension

A

Chronic
Irritation of nerve due to local inflammation causing pain on stretching nerve
e.g. carpal tunnel

138
Q

Carpal tunnel RF

A 
Obesity
Pregnancy
Repetitive wrist work
Hypothyroid
Genetics
Rheum arthritis
139
Q

Carpal tunnel treatment

A

Surgery to cut transverse carpal ligament for persistent cases

140
Q

Skin acute

A

Abrasions/lacerations

141
Q

Skin overuse

A

Blisters/callus

Sports and Exercise Medicine iBSc (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions