Principles I Flashcards
Acute sports injury
Sudden onset
Obvious Trauma
Acute Sports injury examples
ligament rupture
fracture
muscle strain
Overuse sports injury
Gradual onset
Repetitive microtrauma
Overuse sports injury examples
Tendinopathy
Stress fracture
Incidence
Most basic expression of risk
Incidence rate
Number of new injuries that occur in a population at risk over a specified time period or the number of new injuries during a period divided by the total number of sportspeople at that period
Rates per 1000 hours
Injury incidence
Number of injuries x1000
____________________
number of matches x number of players x match duration
Injury incidence inclusions
All injuries should be recorded that need medical attention, including those that result in no time lost/playing
Time lost from participation must be recorded using both training and competitive participation data in days lost as well as games
Netball most common site of injury (MCSI)
Ankle
Basketball MCSI
Ankle
Golf MCSI
lower back
Elite cyclists most common fracture
clavicle
Contact sports injury rates
Increased acute
Endurance sports injury rates
Increased rate overuse
Adult professional rugby union players incidence- games
81 per 1,000 player hours
Adult professional rugby union players incidence- training
3 per 1,000 player hours
child and adolescent rugby union players incidence-
26.7 per 1000 player hours
Rugby prevalent injuries
Muscle/tendon and joint (non-bone)/ligament injuries were most prevalent
Fractures and bone stress injuries had highest average severity
Lower limb highest injury incidence, but upper limb highest severity
Netball injury rate
5.4%
Track and field injury
Mostly training (overuse) Knee most common in runners (48% of injuries), followed by lower leg, foot and hip
Swimming injuries
Most overuse injury during training
Swimmers shoulder
–> combination rotator cuff pathology and shoulder laxity
Golf injuries
Mainly overuse Lumbar spine (26%)
Kickboxing
109.7/1000 fight participants
52.5% head/neck/face
64% bruising/lacerations
Football
31% strains
20% sprains
Cycling
Professional cyclists- 1.2 injuries per cyclist per year, contusions, abrasions, knee (18%), wrist and palms (16%), shoulder and clavicle (16%), elbow (14%) and femur (14%)
Cheerleading
High school cheerleading accounted for 65% of all catastrophic sports injuries among high school females over past 25 years
Ankle and knee sprains most common
Most dangerous injuries- head and neck
Intrinsic RF definition
Specific to athlete Biomechanical Anatomical Physiological Within athlete
Extrinsic RF definition
Specific to sport
Intrinsic RF examples
Lack of flexibility Hypermobility Poor muscle strength Lack of fitness Biomechanics Nutrition Hydration Previous injury Age Genetics
Extrinsic RFs examples
Type of sport Contact sport ground/surface climate footwear equipment training
Over-pronation description
Flat footed
Planus foot
Combined eversion + dorsiflexion + abduction of foot
Over-pronation explanation
Arch collapses upon weight bearing- part of normal gait cycle to allow foot to absorb shock and allow foot to adjust to uneven surfaces- however too much of this (excessive pronation) can cause stress or inflammation of plantar fascia ligament- so can have plantar fasciitis
When standing heels and or kneecaps may lean or bend inwards- wear out soles and heels of shoes very quickly
Over-supination description
Combined inversion + planter flexion + adduction of foot
Supinated foot type- stiff, poor shock absorption
Most common with really deep high arch foot- cavus foot
Does not pronate enough- arch doesn’t flatten so not effective shock absorber
Over-supination explanation
Weight only falls on heel and big toes, so increases stress on foot
Shoes will wear on outside edge- shoe may become over stretched
Shoe will tilt outward on flat surface
Over-supination may predispose to
Plantar fasciitis
Patellofemoral syndrome
Stress fractures
Inversion ankle sprains
Normal Gait Cycle
Right heel contact Left toe Off surface Left heel contact right toe off surface right heel contact
Walking cycle
Single and double support phase
Contact, mid-stance, propulsive phase
Single support phase
Leg on ground, other supporting
Double support phase
Starts once swinging leg touches ground, and ends when supporting leg leaves the ground
Difference between walking and running
Only one foot leaves contact with ground at a time
Stance position
Natural alignment of lower limb
Weight-bearing line through Ant SIS (superior ischial spine), patella, 2nd MT
Normal lumbar lordosis, hips neutral
Knees extended, patellae neutral
Calcaneus in line with tibia and forefoot perpendicular to calcaneus
Subtalor Talocalcaneal joint
Normal posture should be where forefoot is perpendicular to the bisection of the heel, and tibia is perpendicular to supporting surface
Waking biomechanics
Head position
Shoulder symmetry
Arm swing
Pelvic tilt-lumbar lordosis
Direction of patella (knee over second toe=normal, can also be assessed during half squat as a crude biomechanical screening)
Position of rear/mid/forefoot during heel strike/mid stance/ toe off
Leg swing
Leg length discrepancy
Uneven head bounce
Unilateral pelvic drop
Uneven stride length
Excessive pronation or supination
Warm up
Mild sweating without fatigue
15-30 mins
Stretching
Passive flexibility
Training periodization
Conditioning phase
Pre-competition phase
Competition phase
Conditioning phase
Power, strength, anaerobic fitness
Pre-competition phase
Works on technique
Competition phase
Focuses on competitive performance and psychology of athlete
Cross training
Maintains on aerobic fitness while reducing stress on weight bearing joints and muscles and tendons
Good for rehab and return to sport after injury
Dry fields in football
Increase risk of ACL injuries
Athletic amenorrhea
Increases risk of fracture and psychology of athlete important for injury prevention
