Disabilities Flashcards
10 Eligible Impairment Types
- Impaired Muscle power
- Impaired passive ROM
- Limb deficiency
- Leg length difference
- Short stature
- Hypertonia
- Ataxia
- Athetosis
- Vision impairment
- Intellectual impairment
Sports that include all impairment types
Athletics
Swimming
Sports that have one specific impairment type
Goalball
Sports that have a selection of impairment types
Equestrian
Cycling
SCI athletes elite
15% congenital
85% acquired mostly through serious traumatic accident
Young>old
Anaerobic power
Max power using immediate and short-term sources of energy production (ATP 3-4sec, P-Cr 15sec)
Anaerobic power in SCI/LL amputees/neuro disorders
Decreased muscle mass
SCI peak anaerobic power and capacity
Inversely related to level of injury
i.e. the lower the level the greater the anaerobic capacity
L4-S3 level 3-4x greater anaerobic power than levels higher than C6
Aerobic power
VO2 max traditionally used (amount O2 used per unit time)
Dependant on ability to transport, deliver and utilize O2
VO2 max= Q(CaO2-CvO2)
Q= HR x SV
SCI Vo2 max
Often not obtained
Use VO2 peak
Tetraplegia
Often unable to obtain max HR as disruption to sympathetic stimulation
Cardio-resp fitness
Impaired in high-level injuries
Decreased FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio
Respiratory Muscle training is a novel method of training to increase ventilatory capacity and enhance performance
Orthostatic hypotension
Increased risk
Hydration is important
Orthostatic hypotension management
Elastic stockings and abdominal binders not always tolerated during exercise
IV fluids and drugs used only in an emergency
WADA banned substances
IV fluids banned unless emergency
Orthostatic hypotension- new spinal cord injury
Have been flat on back for ages, so then body unable to maintain BP of them not lying down. Body also lost some sympathetic control and autonomic NS
Also lost a lot of muscle tone- venous return etc.
Thermoregulation
Decreased hot and cold tolerance
Impaired due to disruption of autonomic + somatic nervous systems below level of injury
Increased risk of exertional hyperthermia - decreased skin blood flow and sweating
Novel cooling methods
Cooling prior to exercise can improve performance
Cooling devices worn on head
Able bodied recommendations for thermoregulation
Increase fitness
Avoid heat and humidity training where possible
Adequate fluid balance
Illness, sleep deprivation, alcohol intake
Appropriate clothing
Body composition
Muscle wasting
Osteoporosis
Injury
Injury prevalence= no significant difference compared to able-bodied in similar sports
Except higher incidence shoulder pain between 30-70%
Osteoporosis and altered sensation high suspicion of fractures
PPE- gloves, leg straps, same as able-bodied
Skin
Pressure sores
Customised sports chairs
Customised sock and socket for training and event leg/limb
Customised clothing- beware seams and pockets
Regular pressure relieving
Adequate nutrition
Endurance events
Long-haul flights to international events
Wheelchair biomechanics
Wheelchair-athlete interface critical to performance
Propulsion biomechanics more efficient propulsive stroke, more force per stroke
Potential increase performance through an extrinsic factor
Advances and research- biomechanical engineers available to elite teams
Lightweight, customised
Handrim diameter- sport-specific
Boosting
- Deliberate and voluntary induction of AD to improve performance
- Clamping catheter, over tightening leg straps, sitting on sharp object
- 10% improvement in performance over 7.5km wheelchair race
- SBP were not elevated to dangerous level according to WHO
- Voluntary boosting not differentiated from true AD
- Athletes routinely checked at start line for signs: sweating, flushed face, goose bumps, anxiety and tremor
- SBP>180mmHg twice= not able to compete
- Boosting is prohibited by IPC
