Principles I Flashcards
Cerebral blood flow determinants
- cerebral metabolic rate
- cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
- PaCO2
- PaO2
- Drugs
- intracranial pathology
Normal cerebral blood flow
50 mL per 100g brain tissue per minute [perfusion]
(over a CPP range of 50-150mmHg)
750mL/min
Normal cerebral metabolic rate
3.0 - 3.8 mL
(per 100g brain tissue per minute)
What can decrease cerebral metabolic rate?
decreased temperature and anesthetic agents
What can increase cerebral metabolic rate?
increased temperature and seizures
How does PaCO2 affect CBF?
CBR increases 1mL/100g/minute for every 1 mmHg increase in PaCO2
- effects of hypocapnia can last 6 hours
How does PaO2 affect CBF?
Below 50mmHg cerebral vasodilation and increased CBF
- hypoxia causes an increase in blood flow
- <50mmHg
- vessels maximally dilated - pressure dependent flow
- >150mmHg
- vessels maximally constricted - pressure dependent flow
Factors affecting autoregulation
- chronic hypertension
- shifts curve to the right
- intracranial tumors
- head trauma
- volatile agents
How do volatile agents affect cerebral blood flow?
direct vasodilators with doses greater than 0.6-1 MAC
- decrease CMRO2
- uncoupling of CBF and CMRO2
What can happen if nitrous oxide is used after dural closure?
tension pneumocephalus
Tension Pneumocephalus
increased ICP secondary to pneumocephalus
- air enters through a dural defect and is unable to escape
How does Ketamine affect the brain?
vasodilates
How do barbituates, etomidate, propofol, and opioids affect the brain?
cerebral vasoconstrictors
- decrease CBV and ICP
How does Succinylcholine affect the brain?
increases ICP temporarily
Normal Intracranial Pressure
5-15mmHg
Determinants of ICP
brain tissue and spinal cord, blood, and CSF
Intracranial Elastance Curve
depicts impact of increasing intracranial volume on ICP
- no volume increase from point 1 to 2 due to shift of CSF from cranium into spinal subarachnoid space
(6) Signs of Increased ICP
- headache
- nausea
- vomiting
- papilledema
- depressed consciousness
- coma
3 Methods of ICP measurement
- subdural bolt
- ventriculostomy
- lumbar subarachnoid catheter
(6) Methods to decrease ICP
- head elevation
- hyperventilation
- CSF drainage
- ceerebral vasoconstricting anesthetics
- surgical decompression
- hyperosmotic drugs
- mannitol
- lasix
How should mannitol be given to decrease ICP?
0.25 - 0.5 g/kg IV over 15-30 minutes
What can be given 90s before intubation and extubation?
lidocaine 1.5mg/kg IV
Foramen Ovale
hole between right and left atria
- can have a paradoxical air embolism
Diagnosis of Venous air embolism
- precordial doppler over right sternal border
- TEE
- decreased etCO2
- increase in PA catheter pressure
What drug is most commonly used for deliberate hypotension in neuro cases?
sodium nitroprusside
Side effects of Sodium Nitroprusside
- cyanide toxicity
- treat with thiosulfate
- increased ICP
- inhibition of platelet aggregation
- increased pulmonary shunting
- baroreceptor mediated tachycardia
- rebound hypertension
“Triple H Therapy” for Cerebral aneurysm
- hypervolemia
- hypertension
- hemodilution
Grading system for Cerebral Aneurysm
Hunt-Hess
- grads 1 through 5
- 1 - asymptomatic
- 5 - deep coma
Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome
autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation
- common epistaxis episodes
- AVMs
What is the leading cause of death following SAH?
pulmonary embolus
What should you give to depress vasospasms?
CCB
What separates the cerebrellum from the cerebrum?
tentorium
What % of the cardiac output does the brain recieve?
15%
Equation for cerebral perfusion pressure
MAP - ICP
Pediatric Versed dose PO
0.5 - 1 mg/kg
Pediatric Versed dose IM
0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg
Pediatric Morphine dose IM
0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg
Pediatric Ketamine dose IM
3 - 5 mg/kg
Pediatric Ketamine dose IV
0.25 - 0.75 mg/kg
Metoprolol IV push
2 - 15 mg
Neosynephrine IV push
50 - 200 mcg
Neosynephrine IV infusion
0.15 - 0.75 mcg/kg/min
Mean Arterial Pressure
Diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure)
normal 80-120 mmHg
Cardiac Index
CO/BSA
2.8 - 4.2 L*min/m^2
Meperidine dose
50 - 150 mg
Morphine dose
5 - 15 mg
Atropine pre-op dose
0.4 - 0.8 mg
Scopolamine dose
0.3 - 0.6 mg
Diphenhydramine dose
25 - 50 mg
Stroke Volume
CO/HR * 100
60-90 mL/beat
Stroke Index
SV/BSA
40 - 60 mL/beat/min
Signs of Oxygen failure
hear O2 failure alarm or “low FiO2” when on 100% Oxygen
Immediate steps in Oxygen failure
- disconnect patient from the machine and ventilate with Ambu on room air
- Open O2 tank and disconnect pipeline
- or obtain E-cylinder
- connect gas sampling adaptor
- maintain anesthesia with IV drugs
Signs of Venous Air Embolism
- air on TEE or change in Doppler tone
- decrease in EtCO2
- decrease BP
- decrease SpO2
- rise in CVP
- onset of dyspnea and respiratroy in awake patient