Principles And Theories Of Learning keywords Flashcards
Learning
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice
Performance
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences
Cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub routines are explored by trial and error
Associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
Autonomous stage of learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific
Feedback
Information to aid error correction
Positive feedback
Encouragement
Information about what is good
Negative feedback
Error correction
What is going wrong
Eliminates bad habits
Extrinsic feedback
From an outside source
Intrinsic feedback
From within
Knowledge of results
Concerns the outcome
Knowledge of performance
About technique
Plateau
A period of no improvement in performance
Drive reduction
An end-of-task period when performance may get worse
Visual guidance
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
Verbal guidance
An explanation
Manual guidance
Physical support
Mechanical guidance
An artificial aid
Operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
Behaviourist theory
This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
Satisfier
An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
Annoyer
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
Positive reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response
Negative reinforcement
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
Attention
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
Retention
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
Motor production
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
Motivation
Having the drive to do the task
Social development
Learning by association with others
Inter-psychological learning
Learning from others externally
Inter-psychological learning
Learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others
Constructivism
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
The next stages of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance
Insight learning
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
