Principles Flashcards
Which Ig is found in the mucosa?
IgA
Which bacteria produce an endotoxin?
Gram negative bacteria
Which bacteria produce an exotoxin?
Gram positive bacteria
Which Ig is found in breast milk?
IgA
Which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity?
IgE
What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response?
Fc receptors
What is the most common type of Ig/antibody?
IgG
What is the first antibody/Ig to appear in response to an antigen?
IgM
Where is the trachea palpated?
Suprasternal/ jugular notch
Which nerve supplies the rectum?
Inferior rectal nerve
S4
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5
(C3, 4 and 5 keeps the diaphragm alive)
Which antibiotic is used for gram positive cover?
Vancomycin
What are the macrolide antibiotics used for? E.g. Clarythromycin
Streptococcal infections
UTRI, LTRI
Mycoplasma infections
Also used for stomach ulcers caused by H. Pylori with PPIs (omeprazole) and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (ranitidine)
The cystic fibrosis gene is autosomal recessive. A mother and father are both unaffected but have a daughter that is affected. What are the chances that another unaffected daughter is a carrier?
2/3
Which bone has no articulations in the body?
Hyoid bone
What is the function of 2,3 DPG?
Helps O2 bind to haemoglobin
Reduced amounts of this result in more dissociation from O2
Which component of a strain of MRSA causes severe skin infections such as necrotising fasciitis?
Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
What is the Vmax?
The maximum velocity of the reaction
What is the Km?
The concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax
Does haemoglobin follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
No
Graph is sigmoidal
Does myoglobin follow the Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
Yes
What happens to the Vmax and Km in competitive inhibition?
Vmax remains the same
Km will vary
Give an example of competitive inhibition
Ethanol is a competitive inhibitor to methanol (hence used in alcohol poisoning)
What happens to the Vmax and Km in non-competitive inhibition?
Vmax varies
Km stays the same
Phosphofructokinase is a key enzyme of glycolysis. What is its net yield of ATP?
2 ATP
Uses 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP
What is the function of astrocytes?
Homeostasis
What is the function of microglia?
Immune surveillance
What kind of nervous stimulation results in a) erection and b) ejaculation?
Erection - Parasympathetic
Ejaculation - Sympathetic
(Point and Shoot)
What are some causes of clubbing?
C- Cyanotic heart disease L - Lung disease (hypoxia, cancer, CF) U - Ulcerative colitis/ Crohn’s disease B - Billiary cirrhosis B - Birth defect I - Infective endocarditis N - Neoplasm (esp Hodgkins) G - GI malabsorption
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a staph aureus infection?
Flucloxacillin
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat an MRSA infection?
Vancomycin or Teicoplanin
Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a nosocomial pneumonia (severe) infection?
IV amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin
Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a nosocomial pneumonia (mild) infection?
Amoxicillin and metronidazole
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a community acquired pneumonia (CURB 0-2)?
Amoxicillin or doxycycline if penicillin allergic
Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a community acquired pneumonia (CURB of 3 or more)?
IV Co-amoxiclav and IV clarithromycin
Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat an intra-abdominal sepsis?
IV amoxicillin, metronidazole ad gentamicin
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a recurrent C. diff infection?
Fidaxomicin
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat for a mild C. Diff infection?
Metronidazole
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a severe C. Diff infection?
Oral vancomycin
ONLY time you ever use oral vancomycin because you want the antibiotic to stay in the gut
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat legionnaire’s disease?
Erythromycin or clarithromycin
Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat amoebiasis or giardiasis?
Metronidazole
