Principles

Question 1

Which Ig is found in the mucosa?

Answer 1

IgA

Question 2

Which bacteria produce an endotoxin?

Answer 2

Gram negative bacteria

Question 3

Which bacteria produce an exotoxin?

Answer 3

Gram positive bacteria

Question 4

Which Ig is found in breast milk?

Answer 4

IgA

Question 5

Which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity?

Answer 5

IgE

Question 6

What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response?

Answer 6

Fc receptors

Question 7

What is the most common type of Ig/antibody?

Answer 7

IgG

Question 8

What is the first antibody/Ig to appear in response to an antigen?

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

Where is the trachea palpated?

Answer 9

Suprasternal/ jugular notch

Question 10

Which nerve supplies the rectum?

Answer 10

Inferior rectal nerve

S4

Question 11

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 11

Phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5
(C3, 4 and 5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

Question 12

Which antibiotic is used for gram positive cover?

Answer 12

Vancomycin

Question 13

What are the macrolide antibiotics used for? E.g. Clarythromycin

Answer 13

Streptococcal infections
UTRI, LTRI
Mycoplasma infections

Also used for stomach ulcers caused by H. Pylori with PPIs (omeprazole) and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (ranitidine)

Question 14

The cystic fibrosis gene is autosomal recessive. A mother and father are both unaffected but have a daughter that is affected. What are the chances that another unaffected daughter is a carrier?

Answer 14

2/3

Question 15

Which bone has no articulations in the body?

Answer 15

Hyoid bone

Question 16

What is the function of 2,3 DPG?

Answer 16

Helps O2 bind to haemoglobin

Reduced amounts of this result in more dissociation from O2

Question 17

Which component of a strain of MRSA causes severe skin infections such as necrotising fasciitis?

Answer 17

Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

Question 18

What is the Vmax?

Answer 18

The maximum velocity of the reaction

Question 19

What is the Km?

Answer 19

The concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax

Question 20

Does haemoglobin follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics?

Answer 20

No

Graph is sigmoidal

Question 21

Does myoglobin follow the Michaelis-Menten kinetics?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What happens to the Vmax and Km in competitive inhibition?

Answer 22

Vmax remains the same

Km will vary

Question 23

Give an example of competitive inhibition

Answer 23

Ethanol is a competitive inhibitor to methanol (hence used in alcohol poisoning)

Question 24

What happens to the Vmax and Km in non-competitive inhibition?

Answer 24

Vmax varies

Km stays the same

Question 25

Phosphofructokinase is a key enzyme of glycolysis. What is its net yield of ATP?

Answer 25

2 ATP | Uses 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP

Question 26

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 26

Homeostasis

Question 27

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 27

Immune surveillance

Question 28

What kind of nervous stimulation results in a) erection and b) ejaculation?

Answer 28

Erection - Parasympathetic Ejaculation - Sympathetic (Point and Shoot)

Question 29

What are some causes of clubbing?

Answer 29

``` C- Cyanotic heart disease L - Lung disease (hypoxia, cancer, CF) U - Ulcerative colitis/ Crohn’s disease B - Billiary cirrhosis B - Birth defect I - Infective endocarditis N - Neoplasm (esp Hodgkins) G - GI malabsorption ```

Question 30

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a staph aureus infection?

Answer 30

Flucloxacillin

Question 31

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat an MRSA infection?

Answer 31

Vancomycin or Teicoplanin

Question 32

Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a nosocomial pneumonia (severe) infection?

Answer 32

IV amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin

Question 33

Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a nosocomial pneumonia (mild) infection?

Answer 33

Amoxicillin and metronidazole

Question 34

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a community acquired pneumonia (CURB 0-2)?

Answer 34

Amoxicillin or doxycycline if penicillin allergic

Question 35

Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat a community acquired pneumonia (CURB of 3 or more)?

Answer 35

IV Co-amoxiclav and IV clarithromycin

Question 36

Which antibiotics would you prescribe to treat an intra-abdominal sepsis?

Answer 36

IV amoxicillin, metronidazole ad gentamicin

Question 37

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a recurrent C. diff infection?

Answer 37

Fidaxomicin

Question 38

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat for a mild C. Diff infection?

Answer 38

Metronidazole

Question 39

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat a severe C. Diff infection?

Answer 39

Oral vancomycin | ONLY time you ever use oral vancomycin because you want the antibiotic to stay in the gut

Question 40

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat legionnaire’s disease?

Answer 40

Erythromycin or clarithromycin

Question 41

Which antibiotic would you prescribe to treat amoebiasis or giardiasis?

Answer 41

Metronidazole