Gastrointestinal Flashcards
Gingival hypertrophy which is caused by gingivectomy (bitting on own gums) is a common side a effect of which class of drugs?
Calcium channel blockers
Or phenytoin
There’s a bird beak appearance on an X-ray. What is this a sign of in the upper GI tract and what is it a sign of in the lower GI tract?
Upper GI tract - Achalasia
Lower GI tract - Bowel obstruction
Achalasia is a condition that affects the nerves and muscles of the oesophagus, mainly at the lower end.
What is grey turner’s sign?
Lumbar redness
What is Cullen’s sign?
Umbilical redness
What are grey turner’s and Cullen’s sign indicative of?
Acute pancreatitis
What is Murphy’s sign?
The inspiration arrest that occurs upon palpating of the right upper quadrant during a deep breath.
What is Murphy’s sign indicative of?
Cholecystitis
A patient comes in with the pale stools, jaundice and abdominal pain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Biliary obstruction
A patient comes in with abdominal distension, caput Medusa’s and shifting dullness. What are his most likely diagnoses?
Portal hypertension
Ascites
A patient comes in with pyoderma gangrenosum and erythema nodosum. Which diseases are part of your differential diagnosis?
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
A patient has tinkling bowel sounds. What is the most likely cause?
Bowel obstruction
A patient comes in with a history of weight loss and a vesicular rash. What is the likely cause of this?
Coeliac disease
What is Virchow’s node (swollen left supra-clavicular node) a sign of?
Gastric cancer
What is the urea breath test used for?
H pylori diagnosis
What is the 14C urea breath test used for?
To test for bacterial overgrowth (of H.pylori)
A patient comes in with rice water like stools. What organism is likely to be affecting this patient?
Vibrio cholera
A patient has presence of AMA (anti mitochondrial antibodies). What is this a sign of?
Primary biliary cirrhosis
A patient had the presence of ASMA (anti smooth muscle antibodies). What is this a sign of?
Autoimmune hepatitis
A patient’s alpha fetoprotein assay (AFP) test shows high levels of AFP. What is this likely to indicate?
Hepatocellular carcinoma (or teratoma)
What is a cobblestone mucosa?
Deep fissuring ulceration of mucosa
What is a cobblestone mucosa indicative of?
Crohn’s disease
Which diuretic is prescribed for ascites (cause by cirrhosis)?
Spirolactone
What is a corkscrew oesophagus on a barium swallow indicative of?
Diffuse oesophageal spasm
A patient comes in with severe abdominal pain as well as diarrhoea and vomiting after drinking raw milk. Which organism is likely affecting him?
Campylobacter
What is Russell’s sign indicative of?
Self induced vomiting
What are Mallory’s hyaline bodies indicative of?
Alcoholic liver disease (acute hepatitis)
or
Chronic active hepatitis
What are crypt abscesses a sign of?
IBS or Crohn’s disease
A patient’s pathology report shows onion skinning fibrosis and heading of the bile duct. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Signet ring cells are seen on a biopsy. What is this a sign of?
Diffuse stomach cancer
There’s thumb printing on an X-ray at the splenic flexure. What is this indicative of?
Ischemic colitis
What is Charcot’s triad?
Fever, jaundice and abdominal pain secondary to cholelithiasis
What is Charcot’s triad a sign of?
Acute cholangitis
What are some causes of an abdominal mass?
A - Abdominal aortic aneurysm
C - Crohn’s disease H - Hernia E - Enlarged organ M - Malignancy I - Intersusception C - Cyst or abscess A - Appendicitis L - Lymphadenopathy
What are some causes for bowel obstruction?
B - Bolus
A - Adhesions
T - Tumour
H - Hernia
V - Volvulus
I - Intersusception
P - Pseudo obstruction
S - Stricture
What is the side effect of spironolactone?
Gynaecomastia
What is a common oral disease in people with Crohn’s?
Stomatitis gangrenosum
What is Barrett’s oesophagus characterized by?
Replacement of oesophageal stratified epithelium by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What are the three stages of Dukes classification?
A - Confined to the bowel wall
B - Local spread outwith the bowel wall
C - Lymph node metastases
What are some causes of liver disease?
A - Autoimmune B - Hepatitis B C - Hepatitis C D - Drugs such as paracetamol E - Ethanol F - Fatty liver disease G - Growth H - Haemodynamic e.g. congestive heart failure I - Infiltration e.g. haemochromatosis or Infective
How can you remember that AST levels increase in alcoholic liver disease?
wASTed
What are some causes of abdominal distension?
Fat Firth’s Flatus Faeces Fluid Fucking massive tumour
