Cardiovascular

Question 1

A patient presents with fever and pleuritic chest pain that is relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 1

Pericarditis

Question 2

A patient has an irregularly irregular pulse. What’s the most likely cause?

Answer 2

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 3

An ECG shows a saw tooth baseline and a pulse rate of 150bpm. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 3

Atrial flutter

Question 4

What is a raised JVP often a sign of?

Answer 4

Right sided heart failure

Question 5

Patient comes in with crushing chest pain and a sense of impending doom. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 5

MI

Question 6

What is a saddle shaped ST elevation a sign of?

Answer 6

Pericarditis

Question 7

What does a broad complex tachycardia indicate?

Answer 7

A fault in the ventricles of the heart

Question 8

A patient has a mid diastolic murmur with a tapping, undisplaced apex. What is that murmur?

Answer 8

Mitral stenosis

Question 9

A patient’s ECG shows a broad QRS complex with a slurred upstroke on the R wave (I.e. delta wave). What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 9

Wolff- Parkinson- White syndrome

Question 10

A ECG shows tall t waves and wide QRS complexes. What’s the cause of this?

Answer 10

Hyperkalemia

Question 11

A patient gets pericarditis 4-6 weeks after their MI. What is this called?

Answer 11

Dressler’s syndrome

Question 12

A patient comes in with a blurred, yellowing vision headache. What is the likely cause of this?

Answer 12

Digoxin toxicity

Question 13

What are Janeway lesions/ Osler nodes a sign of?

Answer 13

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Question 14

What can cause a continuous, machine-like heart murmur?

Answer 14

A patent ductus arteriosus

Patent = a duct or vessel that is open and unobstructed/ failing to close

Question 15

A chest X-ray shows rib notching. What is this a sign of?

Answer 15

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 16

Which murmurs are systolic?

Answer 16

MRS ASS

Mitral regurgitation systolic

Aortic stenosis systolic

Question 17

What is a side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 17

Dry cough

Question 18

When are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?

Answer 18

In renal artery stenosis

Question 19

What is radial - radial delay a sign of?

Answer 19

Aortic dissection

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 20

What is a collapsing pulse a sign of?

Answer 20

Aortic regurgitation

Question 21

What is a slow rising pulse a sign of?

Answer 21

Aortic stenosis

Question 22

What are splinter haemorrhages a sign of?

Answer 22

Infective endocarditis

Question 23

What is an atrial myxoma?

Answer 23

A non cancerous tumour in the upper left or right side of the heart.

Question 24

What does cardiac tamponade mean?

Answer 24

A collection of blood/fluid/pus/clots/gas in the pericardial space which prevents the contraction of the heart

Question 25

What is the treatment of pericarditis?

Answer 25

Pain relief | NSAIDs

Question 26

What is tetralogy of fallot and what is it characterized by?

Answer 26

A congenital heart disease ``` Features: A large ventricular septal defect Overriding aorta Right ventricular outflow obstruction Right ventricular hypertrophy ```

Question 27

What could a wide pulse pressure indicate?

Answer 27

Aortic regurgitation Aortic dissection Complete heart block Thyrotoxicosis

Question 28

What are some causes of atrial fibrillation?

Answer 28

``` A - Alcohol T - Thyroid problems R - Rheumatic fever I - Idiopathic A - Atrial myxoma L - Lung (PE, emphysema) ``` F - Pheochromocytoma I - Ischaemia B - Blood pressure

Question 29

What are some reversible causes of cardiac arrest?

Answer 29

Hypovolaemia Hypothermia Hyperkalaemia/ hypokalaemia Hypoxia Tamponade Tension pneumothorax Thromboembolism Toxin