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Histology > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural unit of all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cell with a true nucleus

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3
Q

What is the function of the plasmalemma (cell membrane)?

A

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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4
Q

What is the composition of the plasmalemma?

A

Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins

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5
Q

What roles to membrane proteins play within the cell?

A 
Receptors
CHannels
Transporters
Enzymes
Cell attachment proteins
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6
Q

What do exocytosis and endocytosis mean?

A

Removal of molecules from cell via the cell the plasmalemma

the entry of molecules to the cell via the plasmalemma

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell membrane?

A

Fluid
proteins can diffuse laterally or are anchored- not evenly distributed
Selectively permeable- impermiable to charged ions

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8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Small intracellular organs with specific function and structural organization. Essential to life.

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9
Q

Give examples of cell organelles.

A 
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatis
Lysosomes
Nucleus
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10
Q

What is a inclusion?

A

Dispensible and transciet. Represent components that have been synthesised by the cell or taken up from extracellular environment

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11
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintain cell shape and integrity and leads to locamotion and contraction by filamentous cytosolic proteins, the cytoskeletal proteins
it is joined to the cell membrane

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12
Q

What are the three main cytoskeletal proteins?

A

Microfilaments (thinnest)
Intermediate filaments
Thick filaments: Microtubules

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13
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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14
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Two tubulin proteins (alternating alpha and beta)

Include MAP proteins

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15
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome

Polymerize in central portion of the cell and radiate out- POLAR

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16
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Dynamic- assemble and dissociate

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17
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasmalemma

Used in identifying tumour origins

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18
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Mototway network
Dynein and kinesin attach to microtubules and move along them.
They associate with the membranes of the organelles and vesicles and ‘drag’them along the microtubule.

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19
Q

What is kinesin?

A

An ATPase that moves towards the cell periphery

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20
Q

What is dynein?

A

An ATPase that moves toward the cell centre

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21
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains chromosomes and is the location of mRNA and tRNA synthesis
rRNA is synthesized in the nucleolus

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22
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Enclosed by a nucleur envelope
Composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores.
Between these two sheets is the perinuclear cistern- continous with cistern of the ER
Outer membrane studded with ribosomes- continuous with the rough ER
Nucleolus

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23
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA actively undergoing transcription

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24
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoin transcription

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25
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Small subunit- binds RNA

Large subunit- catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

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26
Q

What is the role of the rough ER?

A

Synthesis of proteins

Metabolically active cells have a lot of ER

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27
Q

What are polysomes?

A

Site of synthesis of proteins that are to remain unpackage and free within the cytosol

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28
Q

What is the role of the smooth ER?

A

The SER continues the processing of proteins produced in the RER.
The SER plays a vital role as the site of the synthesis of lipids.
Most cells contain relatively little SER, but in some (e.g. cells synthesizing steroid hormones) it is extensive.

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29
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Transport vesicles arrive at the Golgi from the SER.
Golgi cisterns function in the modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER.
Adds sugars
Cleaves some proteins
Sorts macromolecules into vesicles.

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30
Q

What is the golgi apparatus composed of?

A

The Golgi apparatus (complex) is composed of a group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae. These are arranged in sub-compartments.

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31
Q

What are mitochondria composed of?

A

They are composed of an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is extensively folded to form cristae, which act to increase the available surface area.

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32
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the power generators of the cell. They function in the generation of ATP, via oxidative phosphorylation, and in the synthesis of certain lipids and proteins.

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33
Q

What are lipid droplets?

A

Lipid droplets are an example of an inclusion and they are not surrounded by a membrane.

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34
Q

What are intercellular junctions?

A

Intercellular junctions are specialized membrane structures which link individual cells together into a functional unit. They are particularly prominent in epithelia

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35
Q

What are the three main types of intercellular junctions?

A

Occluding junctions/tightjunctions/zonula occludens: link cells to form a diffusion barrier- prevent diffusion.
Anchoring junctions/zonula adherens: provide mechanical strength- link actin bundles via cadherin
Communicating junctions: allow movement of molecules between cells.

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36
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Links submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells- common in skin

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37
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Link submembrane intermediate filaments of a cell to the extracellular matrix through the transmembrane proteins

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38
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

Close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

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39
Q

What is the role of communicating junctions?

A

Allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells.
Often termed gap junctions.
Each junction is a circular patch studded with several hundred pores.
Pores are produced by connexon proteins.
Found in epithelia, but also in some smooth muscle and in cardiac muscle, where it is critical for the spread of excitation.

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40
Q

What is endocytosid?

A

Material from the extracellular space can be incorporated into the cell by endocytosis. The cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endocytotic vesicle (endosome) buds into the cell. This process is often receptor mediated.
Exocytosis works in reverse to discharge material from the cell

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41
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria or larger particulate material from the extracellular space can be incorporated into the cell by phagocytosis. The bacterium binds to cell surface receptors triggering extensions of the cell to engulf it forming a phagosome. The phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying digestive enzymes producing a phagolysosome.

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42
Q

What chemical is used to fix tissues to preserve them as specimens?

A

Formalin- chemical that cross links proteins

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43
Q

What steps are taken to prepare a specimen for light and electon microscopy?

A

Tissue fixed
Thinly sliced
Impregnated with support material-tissue dehydrated then place in hot wax
Thin sections cut on a microtome and put onto slides
Wax washed out and tissue rehydrated

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44
Q

What is the term to describe distortions.changes of the histological tissue when preserved?

A

Artifacts eg shrinkage

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45
Q

What stains are typically used?

A

Haematoxylin- affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue eg nucleus
Eosin- affinity for basic molecule and stains them pinish red eg cytoplasm is basic

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46
Q

Name the four tissue types.

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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47
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Cover surfaces of the body or lines hollow organs and also forms glands

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48
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue forms the framework of the body, but beyond that it has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy storage.

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49
Q

What is muscle?

A

Cells that are specialised to generate contraction

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50
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Consists of neurons and their supporting cells.

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51
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Serves as a control function and allows rapid communication between body parts

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52
Q

What characteristics are common to all epithelia?

A 
Strong adhesion between cells
Minimum space between cells
Basal lamina
Non vascular
Polarised
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53
Q

What is a basal lamina?

A

A layer of extracellular matrix components on the basal surface of an epithelial cell

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54
Q

Name an example of epithelial glandular tissue?

A

Liver tissue

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55
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A

Mechanical barrier eg skinChemical barrier (e.g. lining of stomach)
Absorption (e.g. lining of intestine)
Secretion (e.g. salivary gland)
Containment (e.g. lining of urinary bladder)
Locomotion (by cilia) (e.g. oviduct)
Minor functions include: sensation (neuroepithelium, e.g. taste buds) and contractility (myoepithelial cells)

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56
Q

What are the three cell shapes of covering epithelia?

A

Squamous (flattened, like a fish scale)
Cuboidal (cube shape_
Columnar (column, long and thin)

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57
Q

What are the terms to describe the number of layers of epithelium?

A 
Simple= one layer
Stratified= two or more
Pseudostratified= appears to have multiple layers but is actually only one
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58
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single mucous glands

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59
Q

What is the role of glandular epithelia?

A

produce secretory products, for example: sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes

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60
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Ductless
Secrete toward the basal end of the cell
Distribute into the vascular system throughout body

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61
Q

What is exocrine glands?

A

Ducted

Product secreted towars apical end into either the lumen of an internal space, a duct, or the body surface

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62
Q

What are the subdivisions of connective tissue?

A

Soft- tendons, ligaments, mesentary
Hard- bone and cartilage
Blood and lymph - some consider a connective tissue

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63
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

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64
Q

What can the extracellular matrix of connective tissue consist of?

A

Fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
Ground substance: an amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins
Tissue fluid

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65
Q

What do the cells of connective tissue consist of?

A

Fibroblasts- produce and maintain extracellular matix
Adipose cells- fat cells
Osteocytes- bone cells
Chondrocytes- cartilage

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66
Q

What are the types of soft connective tissue?

A

Loose- fibres separated by abundant ground substances

Dense- packed full of collagen fibres

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67
Q

Name the two types of dense soft connective tissue.

A

Dense regular CT- fibres aligned eg tendon

Dense irregular CT - fibres run in many directions eg skin dermis

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68
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

Strong, flexible, compressible, semi rigid

Avascular

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69
Q

Where does the semi rigid nature of cartilage come from?

A

Highly hydrated nature of the ground substance

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70
Q

Name the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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71
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal Growth Plates

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72
Q

What two types of bone make up the long bones?

A

Cortical bone- the shaft
Cancellous or trabecular bone- the ends- meshwork
Note bone is living tissue with blood vessels and nerves and osteocytes

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73
Q

How does muscle contraction come about?

A

Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.

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74
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

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75
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary
No striations
Visceral

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76
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary

Striated

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77
Q

What are the histological aspects of skeletal muscle?

A

Multinucleated
Cylindrical
Nuclei of of the fibres are elongated and located at the periphery of the cells- SARCOLEMMA

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78
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated or non striated?

A

Striated- less prominant than skeletal msucle

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79
Q

What are the histological aspects of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Single nucleus near centre of the fibre

Intercalated disc- site of end to end attachment of adjacent cells

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80
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons
Glia (support cells)
Surrounded by connective tissue coat- meninges in CNS and epineurium in PNS

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81
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

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82
Q

What are the three types of glia of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes- support, ion transport
Oliodenrocytes- produce myelin
MIcroglia- immune surveillance

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83
Q

What is the principle glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells- produce myelin and support axons

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84
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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85
Q

What is the difference between serous and mucous secreting cells?

A

Serious cells stain intensely- mucous do not

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86
Q

How do the salivary gland differ in terms of their histology?

A

Parotid is serous.

Submandibular and sublingual are more mucous.

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87
Q

What is an unusual feature of salivary glands?

A

Striated ducts

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88
Q

What is a striated duct?

A

Ducts modify the saliva by pumping salt out of the saliva- becomes hypotonic to the blood- this is why saliva doesnt taste salty!

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89
Q

What are the four major layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa- Submucosa-Muscularis Externa-Serosa or Adventitia

90
Q

What is the digestive mucosa made up of?

A

Epithelium-Lamina Propria- MUscularis Mucosae

91
Q

What is the submucosa of the digestive tract?

A

Loose connective tissue

92
Q

What is the muscularis externa made up of?

A

Inner cricular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

93
Q

What is the function of the serosa or adventitia?

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

94
Q

What are the characterisitcs of protective mucosa?

A

Non-keritanised- stratified squamous epithelium

95
Q

Where is protective mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Oral, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal

96
Q

What are the characterisitcs of absorptive mucosa?

A

Simple- columnar- tubular glands- small intestine

97
Q

What are the characteristics of secretory mucosa?

A

Simple- columnar-extensive tubular glands-Stomach

98
Q

Where is protective and absorptive mucosa found?

A

Large intestine

99
Q

WHat are the characteristics of protective and absorptive mucosa?

A

Simple- columnar- epithelium-tubular glands

100
Q

Explain what teniae coli is.

A

in the large intestine the outer, longitudinal smooth muscle is not continuous. Instead it is found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli.

101
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

101
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

102
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

102
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

103
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

103
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

104
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

104
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

105
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

105
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

106
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

106
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

107
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

107
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

108
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

108
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

109
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

109
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

110
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

110
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

111
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

111
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

112
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

112
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

113
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

114
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

115
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

116
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

117
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

118
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

119
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

120
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

121
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

122
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

123
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

124
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

125
Q

What is the name of the GI tracts own nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system

126
Q

Where are the neurons situated in the enteric nervous system?

A

Live in groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

127
Q

What are the histological layers of the trachea?

A

Epithelium-Lamina propria- seromucous glad in the submucosa- Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

128
Q

What is the histological difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi- large diameter and have hyaline cartilage in their wall.
Bronchioles- smaller, no cartilage and smooth muscle predominates in their wall.

129
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

Get shorter- gas exchange does not occur across these epithelia

142
Q

What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

143
Q

What is the arrangement of the lobules in the liver?

A

Hexagonal

144
Q

What is at each corner of the hexagon in the lobules of the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

145
Q

What is at the centre of the lobule?

A

central vein

146
Q

Where does the ventral vein drain to?

A

The hepatic vein

147
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

148
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein, bile duct, hepatic arteriole.

149
Q

What are the spaces for blood flow in the liver called?

A

Sinusoids

150
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

151
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Digestive juices containing proteases, lipases and nucleases.

152
Q

How do digestive juices enter the duodenum?

A

via the pancreatic duct

153
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas consist of?

A

Islets of langerhans

154
Q

What is produced in the islets of langerhans?

A

Insulin

155
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

A tuft of capillaries surrounded by epithelium where the production of urine begins in the kidney

156
Q

What is the kidney composed of ?

A

Nephrons

157
Q

What are nephrons composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle/tubule units.

158
Q

What are the constituents of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and cells (45%)

159
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

erthrocytes

160
Q

What is significant histologically about RBCs?

A

they lack a nucleus

161
Q

What are the five types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

162
Q

What is the collective name for eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes

163
Q

What are the three layers of a muscular artery?

A

Tunica intima (extends to an internal elastiv membrane), tunica media, tunica adventitia

164
Q

What separates the tunica media and the tunica adventitia?

A

External elastic membrane

165
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels called?

A

endothelium

166
Q

What is different about arterioles?

A

Arterioles have only one or two layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media and almost no adventitia.

167
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

endothelial cells and a basal lamina

168
Q

How is the lymph vascular system unique?

A

No central pump, but smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in the tissue and compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle, combined with valves in the vessels, produces flow.

169
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

System of relatively thin walled vessels that drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) into the blood stream. Transports lymph to lymph nodes for immunological surveillance.

170
Q

What is the tunica intima made up of?

A

Squamous epithelial cells -termed endothelial. Supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

171
Q

What is the tunica media made up of

A

smooth muscle

172
Q

What is the tunical adventitioa made up of?

A

Connective tissue

173
Q

Why are large arteries eg the aorta termed elastic arteries?

A

They contain sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media

174
Q

What is the vaso vasorum?

A

In large arteries only the inner half of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen - therefore thy have their own blood supply- the vaso vasorum

175
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous eg muscle, berve, lung, skin. Fenestrated (small pores) eg gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney. Sinsuoidal- have large gaps eg liver, spleen, bone marrow

176
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

Connective tiisue cells that have contractile propetries- often present in capillaries and venules

177
Q

When does a capillary become a venule?

A

When the vessel begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

178
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

A

Thin tunica media/

179
Q

What is a special feature if large veins such as the vena cava?

A

thick tunica adventitia

180
Q

What are valves?

A

Extensions of the tunica intima that prevent backward flow in small and medium veins

181
Q

Where is most of the blood in the body?

A

Peripheral veins

182
Q

Name the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, monoctyes

183
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A

Water (90%), proteins (albumin, Ig, clotting factors), nutrients and salts.

184
Q

How can blood be separated?

A

By spinning in a centrifuge. RBCs most dense, the WBCx the plasma

185
Q

What is serum

A

Blood without clotting factors

186
Q

How big are RBCs?

A

7 micrometres

187
Q

What are red blood cells made up of?

A

Haemoglobin (one third) and a cytoskeletal elements that allow them to deform and slip through small spaces- no nucleus!

188
Q

How long to erithrocytes last in the circulation?

A

four months

189
Q

How are aged red blood cells removed from the body?

A

Spleen and liver

190
Q

WHat is a stack of red blood cells called?

A

Rouleau (rouleaux) - may indicated disease

191
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave

192
Q

Why do neutrophils strain poorly?

A

Many granules-dont take up dye

193
Q

What is an important histological feature of neutrophils?

A

Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus

194
Q

Which cye should be used to stain eosinophils?

A

Eosin- the granules in eosinphils have an affinity for acidic dyes

195
Q

Where do most eosinophils live?

A

spleen, lymph nodes and GI tract

196
Q

Describe the nucleus of an eosinphil?

A

Bilobed nucleus

197
Q

What is contained within the granules of eosinophils?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

198
Q

Which is the least common granulocyte?

A

BAsophils

199
Q

What should be used to stain basophils?

A

Methylene blue- granules have affinity for basic dyes

200
Q

Describe the nucelus of a basophil?

A

Bilobed nucleus

201
Q

What is contained in the granules of basophils?

A

Histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators

202
Q

How do basophils cause allergic reactions?

A

High affinity IgE receptors in their cell membrane are directed against a particular allergen and when they bind their antigen the cell is stimulated to release its granules (termed degranulation

203
Q

Where are macrophages commonly found?

A

connective tissue- loose

204
Q

Describe the histological features of monocytes?

A

Numerous small lysosomal granules in theyr cytoplasm. Non-lobulated nucleus (kidney shaped) Largest cells in blood.

205
Q

Give examples of resident cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Kupffer cells in liver, microglia in the brain and langerhan’s cells in the skin

206
Q

What are the histological features of lymphocytes?

A

Round nucleus.Thin rim of cytoplasm. No visable granules.

207
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small (2 micrometres) cell fragments that play a key role in haemostasis (prevent loss of blood)

208
Q

What are the histological features of platelets?

A

Developed cytoskeleton. Some organelles, no nucleus. Conspicous granules that include coagulation factors.

209
Q

What role do platelets play in haemostasis?

A

In the process of hemostasis platelets adhere to the site of damage, aggregate and degranulate. They also activate the production of fibrin which participates in clot formation.

210
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cellular components

211
Q

Where is the earliest site for erythrocyte formation?

A

Outside the embryo in the yolk sac

212
Q

When does haemopoiesis begin?

A

three weeks gestation

213
Q

Where is the main site of blood formation in the second trimester?

A

liver (and spleen to some extent)

214
Q

Where is the main site of blood formation after birth?

A

Bone marrow (in all bones)

215
Q

What bones maitain haemopoiesis once fully matured?

A

vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femurs. Marrow in other bone is mainly adipose

216
Q

How are red blood cells produced?

A

In bone marrow from stem cells. Mature through a series of steps that include haemoglobin production and extrusion of the nucleus

217
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Newly formed RBC which has granules of RNA in the cytoplasem

218
Q

When is a mature red blood cell formed.

A

new RBCs circulate the blood for 1-2 days before their RNA is lost and they are now mature.

219
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Giant cells found in bone marrow. Priduce platelets before undergoing apoptosis.

220
Q

How are platelets formed in megakaryocytes?

A

As extensions at the outer margin of the cell which fragment from the cell

Histology (4 decks)

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