Principle 1. Breathing

Question 1

List the 5 anatomy and physiology skeletal parts involved in breath

Answer 1

Thoracic spine.
Ribs.
Sternum.
Clavicle.
Scapula

Question 2

List the muscles of inspiration

Answer 2

Diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles

Question 3

List the 2 accessory muscles

Answer 3

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenes

Question 4

List the 3 muscles of expiration

Answer 4

Abdominals, internal intercostals, pelvic floor muscles

Question 5

What is the function of the lung

Answer 5

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood occurs by simple diffusion

Question 6

Which direction does O2 diffuse in

Answer 6

From the alveoli into the blood

Question 7

Which direction does CO2 diffuse in

Answer 7

From the blood into the alveoli

Question 8

How is breathing regulated

Answer 8

By the amount go CO2 in the system

Question 9

How much oxygen does the body use

Answer 9

Only as much Oxygen as needed

Question 10

List the 5 joints involved in the biomechanics and kinesiology of breathing

Answer 10

Costovertebral, Sternocostal, Sternal, Costochondral, Interchondral

Question 11

How to the joints at ribs 1-7 move

Answer 11

Rotate, more than glide

Question 12

How do the joints at ribs 8-10 move

Answer 12

Glide, more than rotate

Question 13

What are the 3 types of movement of the thoracic wall during inspiration

Answer 13

Vertical diameter movement.
Transverse diameter movement.
Anterior posterior diameter movement

Question 14

What is vertical diameter movement

Answer 14

Diaphragmatic breathing; accessory muscle breathing

Question 15

What is Transverse diameter movement

Answer 15

“Bucket handle” movement ribs 2-10. Ribs swing outward and upwards

Question 16

What is anterior posterior diameter movement

Answer 16

“Pump handle” movement ribs 2-6. Sternal end of ribs (closest to sternum, attached to cartilage) rise with movement at costovertebral joint

Question 17

List 4 types of breathing

Answer 17

Diaphragmatic breathing, Forced inspiration, Forced expiration and Accessory breathing

Question 18

What type of breathing is the primary source of air exchange

Answer 18

Diaphragmatic breathing

Question 19

How does the diaphragm move upon inhalation

Answer 19

The diaphragm muscle contracts and pulls downward, such that the ribs flare out slightly, and pulls the bottom of the lungs downward to bring in air

Question 20

How does the diaphragm move upon exhalation during quiet breathing

Answer 20

Exhalation is passive as the diaphragm returns to its normal resting shape

Question 21

How does the air pressure in the lungs change during exhalation

Answer 21

The lungs shrink to normal resting size so the air is compressed into a small space. This makes the air pressure in the lungs higher than in the atmosphere

Question 22

Why is exhalation during quiet breathing passive

Answer 22

The air pressure in the lungs after an inhalation is higher than in the atmosphere, to equalise pressure the air is passively pushed out

Question 23

Describe what a forced inspiration is

Answer 23

Combination of muscles working that increase the diameter of the thorax in all three dimensions. The air can be directed into different parts of the lung

Question 24

Describe what a forced expiration is

Answer 24

Combination of muscles working that decrease the diameter of the thorax in all three dimensions. Many additional muscles must become active

Question 25

Which additional muscles become active during a force exhalation

Answer 25

Abdominals (particularly obliques), Pelvic floor muscles,
Quadratus lumborum (Lower back, connect pelvis and ribs),
Latissimus doors,
Serrates posterior superior and inferior (top and bottom of spine/thoracic ribs)

Question 26

Which muscles are utilised when accessory breathing

Answer 26

Anterior cervical muscles; Scalenes, SCM, upper traps

Question 27

What is the purpose of breathing in Pilates exercise

Answer 27

Sustained posture with dynamic breath (e.g. 100, swimming).
Directional breath to facilitate movement

Question 28

List force couples in breathing

Answer 28

Pelvic floor, Transverse abdominus, Diaphragm.
Serrates posterior superior and inferior