Principle 1. Breathing Flashcards
List the 5 anatomy and physiology skeletal parts involved in breath
Thoracic spine.
Ribs.
Sternum.
Clavicle.
Scapula
List the muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles
List the 2 accessory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenes
List the 3 muscles of expiration
Abdominals, internal intercostals, pelvic floor muscles
What is the function of the lung
Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood occurs by simple diffusion
Which direction does O2 diffuse in
From the alveoli into the blood
Which direction does CO2 diffuse in
From the blood into the alveoli
How is breathing regulated
By the amount go CO2 in the system
How much oxygen does the body use
Only as much Oxygen as needed
List the 5 joints involved in the biomechanics and kinesiology of breathing
Costovertebral, Sternocostal, Sternal, Costochondral, Interchondral
How to the joints at ribs 1-7 move
Rotate, more than glide
How do the joints at ribs 8-10 move
Glide, more than rotate
What are the 3 types of movement of the thoracic wall during inspiration
Vertical diameter movement.
Transverse diameter movement.
Anterior posterior diameter movement
What is vertical diameter movement
Diaphragmatic breathing; accessory muscle breathing
What is Transverse diameter movement
“Bucket handle” movement ribs 2-10. Ribs swing outward and upwards
What is anterior posterior diameter movement
“Pump handle” movement ribs 2-6. Sternal end of ribs (closest to sternum, attached to cartilage) rise with movement at costovertebral joint
List 4 types of breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing, Forced inspiration, Forced expiration and Accessory breathing
What type of breathing is the primary source of air exchange
Diaphragmatic breathing
How does the diaphragm move upon inhalation
The diaphragm muscle contracts and pulls downward, such that the ribs flare out slightly, and pulls the bottom of the lungs downward to bring in air
How does the diaphragm move upon exhalation during quiet breathing
Exhalation is passive as the diaphragm returns to its normal resting shape
How does the air pressure in the lungs change during exhalation
The lungs shrink to normal resting size so the air is compressed into a small space. This makes the air pressure in the lungs higher than in the atmosphere
Why is exhalation during quiet breathing passive
The air pressure in the lungs after an inhalation is higher than in the atmosphere, to equalise pressure the air is passively pushed out
Describe what a forced inspiration is
Combination of muscles working that increase the diameter of the thorax in all three dimensions. The air can be directed into different parts of the lung
Describe what a forced expiration is
Combination of muscles working that decrease the diameter of the thorax in all three dimensions. Many additional muscles must become active
Which additional muscles become active during a force exhalation
Abdominals (particularly obliques), Pelvic floor muscles,
Quadratus lumborum (Lower back, connect pelvis and ribs),
Latissimus doors,
Serrates posterior superior and inferior (top and bottom of spine/thoracic ribs)
Which muscles are utilised when accessory breathing
Anterior cervical muscles; Scalenes, SCM, upper traps
What is the purpose of breathing in Pilates exercise
Sustained posture with dynamic breath (e.g. 100, swimming).
Directional breath to facilitate movement
List force couples in breathing
Pelvic floor, Transverse abdominus, Diaphragm.
Serrates posterior superior and inferior
