Primer 5 Flashcards
Cytokine primarily responsible for activation of MQs?
IFN-Y
Cardinal features of parkinson’s disease?
T-Tremor (pill rolling) R- Rigidity (cogwheel) A- Akinesia/Bradykinesia P- Postural disturbance \+ Mask face \+ Festinating gait
Three NTs primarily affected in Huntington’s disease?
^ Dopamine
DECREASE GABA
DECREASE Ach
Describe the pathogenesis of acute angle closure glaucoma:
Lens pushes against iris (pupil)–> narrow angle between sclera + iris–> INHIBITS outflow of AH (posterior–>ant.)
How does acute angle closure present: symptoms? (3)
- Acute onset pain
- N/ HA
- Colored halos and rainbows when looking at light
Describe what the acute angle glaucoma eye looks/feels like (3):
Red, teary
Fixed mid-dilated pupil (not reactive to light)
Firm to palpation
Surgical treatment for Acute and Open angle glaucoma:
Acute: Laser Iridotomy
Open: Laser Trabeculoplasty
Describe the early and late stage findings in open angle glaucoma:
Early: asymptomatic ^IOP
Late: ^ IOP–> damage to CN II –> LOST PERIPHERAL VISION (permanent blindness w.o tx.)
Describe the pathogenesis of open angle glaucoma + important risk factors (3):
Occluded trabecular meshwork–> ^ IOP w/ normal sclera/iris angle
RISKS: +40yo, AA, Fam Hx (glaucoma, myopia, DM)
Drugs to treat Glaucoma (inflow vs. outflow):
2 first line = **
DECREASE Inflow:
- B blockers**
- CA inhibitors
INCREASE Outflow:
- PGs**
- a-Antagonists
- Cholinergic antagonists
Prominent fundoycopic exam findings asstd. with glaucoma?
^ cup/ disc ratio
How does a cataract present?
Usually bilateral/ asymmetric painless loss visual acuity
- Difficulty driving at night (glare) and reading roadsigns/ fine print
- Nearsightedness= early phenomenon
Possible second sight phenomenon
Describe 4 risk factors for cataracts:
- ^ Age
- Long term glucocorticoid use
- Tobacco + ETOH
- DM Annual screenings for DM pts.*
Treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration?
Fundoscopic exam findings?
Clinical findings?
Both: Smoking cessation
Dry: Daily antioxidant supplements (Vit. A, C, Lutein, Sele.)
Wet: Intravetrious Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
Fundo: cotton wool spots (ischemic injury)
Clinical: CENTRAL loss of vision
4 fundoycopic findings for Diabetic retinopathy?
Tx if proliferative?
- Hard exudates
- Flame Hemorrhages
- Cotton wool spots
- Neovascularization (if proliferative)
Tx Proliferative: Laser therapy
Retinal detachment:
Causes (2)
Sx (3)
Fundoscopic exam findings
Trauma, DM
Flashing lights + Floaters + vision loss–> permanent w.o tx.
Fundoycopic exam: wrinkled, billowed, pale retina
Papilledema:
Cause + fundo findings?
^ ICP
Swollen blurry optic disc (CN II inflammation)
Central Artery of Retina Occlusion:
Presentation and fundo findings?
Painless sudden loss of vision
Fundo: cherry spot on macula
Lysosomal storage diseases: two eye findings
cherry spots on macula, corneal clouding
Arcus Seniles
lipid accumulation in cornea–> blue/white ring
Anterior Uveitis causes (4) and sx. (3)
Causes: HLAB27 diseases, sarcoidosis, juvenile arthritis (more chronic inflammatory disease than infection)
Sx: pain/ redness, photophobia, pus/ inflammatory cells in ant. chamber
Posterior Uveitis: causes (4)
More infectious disease than chronic inflammatory disease:
CMV
TOXO
Cat scratch disease
IBS/ psoriatic arthritis (HLAB27 diseases)
1 cause of conjunctivitis + two others
1 adenovirus (bilateral)
- bacterial (mucopurulent discharge)
- Allergic (bilateral, symmetric, seasonal, rhinitis)
Where is bilirubin deposited in jaundice?
What is another name for jaundice?
Conjunctiva
“scleral ictiris”
