Primer 5

Question 1

Cytokine primarily responsible for activation of MQs?

Answer 1

IFN-Y

Question 2

Cardinal features of parkinson’s disease?

Answer 2

T-Tremor (pill rolling) 
R- Rigidity (cogwheel) 
A- Akinesia/Bradykinesia 
P- Postural disturbance 
\+ Mask face
\+ Festinating gait

Question 3

Three NTs primarily affected in Huntington’s disease?

Answer 3

^ Dopamine
DECREASE GABA
DECREASE Ach

Question 4

Describe the pathogenesis of acute angle closure glaucoma:

Answer 4

Lens pushes against iris (pupil)–> narrow angle between sclera + iris–> INHIBITS outflow of AH (posterior–>ant.)

Question 5

How does acute angle closure present: symptoms? (3)

Answer 5

1. Acute onset pain
2. N/ HA
3. Colored halos and rainbows when looking at light

Question 6

Describe what the acute angle glaucoma eye looks/feels like (3):

Answer 6

Red, teary
Fixed mid-dilated pupil (not reactive to light)
Firm to palpation

Question 7

Surgical treatment for Acute and Open angle glaucoma:

Answer 7

Acute: Laser Iridotomy
Open: Laser Trabeculoplasty

Question 8

Describe the early and late stage findings in open angle glaucoma:

Answer 8

Early: asymptomatic ^IOP

Late: ^ IOP–> damage to CN II –> LOST PERIPHERAL VISION (permanent blindness w.o tx.)

Question 9

Describe the pathogenesis of open angle glaucoma + important risk factors (3):

Answer 9

Occluded trabecular meshwork–> ^ IOP w/ normal sclera/iris angle

RISKS: +40yo, AA, Fam Hx (glaucoma, myopia, DM)

Question 10

Drugs to treat Glaucoma (inflow vs. outflow):

2 first line = **

Answer 10

DECREASE Inflow:

1. B blockers**
2. CA inhibitors

INCREASE Outflow:

1. PGs**
2. a-Antagonists
3. Cholinergic antagonists

Question 11

Prominent fundoycopic exam findings asstd. with glaucoma?

Answer 11

^ cup/ disc ratio

Question 12

How does a cataract present?

Answer 12

Usually bilateral/ asymmetric painless loss visual acuity

• Difficulty driving at night (glare) and reading roadsigns/ fine print
• Nearsightedness= early phenomenon

Possible second sight phenomenon

Question 13

Describe 4 risk factors for cataracts:

Answer 13

1. ^ Age
2. Long term glucocorticoid use
3. Tobacco + ETOH
4. DM Annual screenings for DM pts.*

Question 14

Treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration?
Fundoscopic exam findings?
Clinical findings?

Answer 14

Both: Smoking cessation
Dry: Daily antioxidant supplements (Vit. A, C, Lutein, Sele.)
Wet: Intravetrious Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor

Fundo: cotton wool spots (ischemic injury)
Clinical: CENTRAL loss of vision

Question 15

4 fundoycopic findings for Diabetic retinopathy?

Tx if proliferative?

Answer 15

1. Hard exudates
2. Flame Hemorrhages
3. Cotton wool spots
4. Neovascularization (if proliferative)

Tx Proliferative: Laser therapy

Question 16

Retinal detachment:
Causes (2)
Sx (3)
Fundoscopic exam findings

Answer 16

Trauma, DM
Flashing lights + Floaters + vision loss–> permanent w.o tx.

Fundoycopic exam: wrinkled, billowed, pale retina

Question 17

Papilledema:

Cause + fundo findings?

Answer 17

^ ICP

Swollen blurry optic disc (CN II inflammation)

Question 18

Central Artery of Retina Occlusion:

Presentation and fundo findings?

Answer 18

Painless sudden loss of vision

Fundo: cherry spot on macula

Question 19

Lysosomal storage diseases: two eye findings

Answer 19

cherry spots on macula, corneal clouding

Question 20

Arcus Seniles

Answer 20

lipid accumulation in cornea–> blue/white ring

Question 21

Anterior Uveitis causes (4) and sx. (3)

Answer 21

Causes: HLAB27 diseases, sarcoidosis, juvenile arthritis (more chronic inflammatory disease than infection)

Sx: pain/ redness, photophobia, pus/ inflammatory cells in ant. chamber

Question 22

Posterior Uveitis: causes (4)

Answer 22

More infectious disease than chronic inflammatory disease:
CMV
TOXO
Cat scratch disease
IBS/ psoriatic arthritis (HLAB27 diseases)

Question 23

1 cause of conjunctivitis + two others

Answer 23

1 adenovirus (bilateral)

2. bacterial (mucopurulent discharge)
3. Allergic (bilateral, symmetric, seasonal, rhinitis)

Question 24

Where is bilirubin deposited in jaundice?

What is another name for jaundice?

Answer 24

Conjunctiva

“scleral ictiris”