Primer 1

Question 1

What effect might ahminoglycosides have on developing fetus?

Answer 1

ototoxicity

Question 2

What molecule targets proteins in the ER for lysosomes?

Answer 2

mannose-6-phosphate

Question 3

What birth defect can result from:

1. Ace Inhibitors?
2. Folate antagonists?
3. Tetracyclines?
4. Lithium?

Answer 3

1. Nephrotoxicity
2. Neural tube defects
3. Tooth/ bone discoloration
4. EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY (when septal and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets are displaced towards the apex of the heart)

Question 4

How can we differentiate rostral from caudal midbrain? (3)

Which CN’s are in the midbrain (rostral and caudal)?

Answer 4

The Caudal Midbrain:

1. NO RED NUCLEUS
2. INFERIOR colliculus
3. CN IV above the PAG

The Rostral Midbrain:

1. PROMINENT RED NUCLEUS
2. Superior colliculus (vertical gaze center*)
3. CN III above the PAG

Question 5

What are the three main structures in the medial pons?

What is their blood supply?

Answer 5

1. MLF (conjugate gaze)
2. Medial lemniscus (they say fine touch conscious prop and vibration in the wrong order and it makes me cray!)
3. Corticospinal tract

*PARAMEDIAN BRANCHES of the BASILAR Artery

Question 6

What is the blood supply to the lateral pons?

Answer 6

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)

Question 7

Function of nucleus ambiguus CN?

Answer 7

Motor to pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (speech/swallowing)

CN X

Question 8

Function of nucleus solitarious CN?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic sensory: pharynx, trachea, back of esophagus, carotid bodies

Taste to posterior tongue

CN X

Question 9

Function of dorsal motor nucleus CN?

Answer 9

Parasympathetics: GI, heart, lung

CN X

Question 10

Blood supply to the medial medulla? 
Primary structures (3)?

Answer 10

Anterior Spinal Artery (ASA)

1. Hypoglossal nucleus
2. Medial lemniscus
3. Medullary pyramids (corticospinal tract)

Question 11

Blood Supply to Lateral medulla?

List 4 primary structures found in this region.

Answer 11

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

1. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
2. nucleus ambiguus
3. lateral spinothalamic tract
4. Sympathetics

Question 12

Define Horners Syndrome and list triad.

What are three potential causes?

Answer 12

Loss of sympathetic innervation to face
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

1. Pancost Tumor (at lung apex)
2. spinal cord disorder
3. lateral medullary syndrome