Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANTH 311 > Primate Diversity > Flashcards

Primate Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the set of features of primates (5)?

A

1) Primarily arboreal
2) Emphasis on vision > smell
3) Big brains
4) Slow life histories
5) Grasping extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who are the Prosimians?

A

Lemurs/Lorises and Tarsiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who are the Anthropoids?

A

NWMs, OWMs, and the Apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who are the Strepsirrhines?

A

Lemurs and lorises (and bushbabies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who are the Haplorrhines?

A

Tarsiers, NWMs, OWMs, and Apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who are the lesser apes?

A

Gibbons and Siamang

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who are the great apes?

A

Gorillas, Orangutans, Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who are the plesiadapiforms?

A

Archaic primates during the Paleocene; The SISTER group to living primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who are the contenders for closest living primate relatives?

A

Tree shrews and flying lemurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which species is the closest living primate relative?

A

The flying lemurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 aspects of primate locomotion?

A

1) Generalized limb structure (4 limbs, pentadactyly)
2) Fingerprints
3) Grasping extremities (humans do not have a grasping foot)
4) Nails rather than claws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which primates do not have nails

A

Callitrichines (tamarins and marmosets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the locomotion types (5)?

A

1) Suspensory
2) Arboreal quad
3) Terrestrial quad
4) Knucklewalking
5) Vertical clinging and leaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which primates exhibit suspensory locomotion?

A

Typically bigger primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which primates exhibit vertical clinging and leaping?

A

Tarsiers and bush babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which primates exhibit knucklewalking?

A

In some of the great apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 sensory adaptations of primates?

A

1) Enhanced visual apparatus (forward facing eyes) and reduced olfactory reliance
2) Orbits are enclosed by bone (to prevent obstruction by chewing muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which part of the brain is large in primates relative to other mammals?

A

The neocortex, which is responsible for cognitive abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the dental adaptations of primates?

A

Generalized dental pattern related to omnivory (heterodont)
BUT some dental specializations exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference in dental pattern between platyrrhines versus catarrhines?

A

Platyrrhines have dental pattern 2.1.3.3 (3 premolars)
Catarrhines have dental pattern 2.1.2.3 (2 premolars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the characteristics of strepsirrhines (6)?

A

1) Curved/moist nose
2) Tapetum lucidum
3) orbits not fully enclosed
4) 2-part mandible
5) Toilet/grooming claw on second toe
6) Tooth comb (incisors)

22
Q

What are the characteristics of lemurs (4)?

A

1) Nocturnal or diurnal
2) Solitary and gregarious
3) Arboreal and terrestrial
4) Mainly frugivorous

23
Q

What are the characteristics of lorises and galagos (4)?

A

1) Nocturnal
2) Often solitary
3) Arboreal
4) Feed on gum, sap, nectar, insects

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Haplorrhines (5)?

A

1) Dry noses
2) Mostly diurnal
3) Orbits fully enclosed
4) Larger brains
5) No vitamin C production

25
Q

What are the characteristics of tarsiers (4)?

A

1) Nocturnal but no tapetum (large eyes instead)
2) Nostrils separated from mouth by dry upper lip
3) Eats insects and small vertebrae
4) Relatively solitary

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Anthropoidea (3)?

A

1) Reduced muzzle
2) Fused lower jaw
3) Nails

27
Q

Who are the NWMs/Platyrrhines?

A

Callitrichines (marmosets and tamarins), capuchins, spider-monkeys

28
Q

What are the characteristics of NWMs/Platyrrhines (3)?

A

1) Some have a prehensile tail
2) 3 premolars (2.1.3.3)
3) Broad nostrils

29
Q

Where is the old world vs new world?

A

Old world = Africa
New world = Central/South America

30
Q

Who are the Catarrhines?

A

OWMs and apes

31
Q

What are the characteristics of catarrhines (3)?

A

1) 2 premolars (2.1.2.3)
2) Narrow nostrils
3) Some have ischial callosities (butt pads)

32
Q

What are the 2 major groups of OWMs/Cercopithecoidea?

A

1) Colobines (leaf-eating)
2) Cercopithecines (cheek-pouches)

33
Q

Who are the OWMs/Cercopithecoids?

A

Geladas, Mandrools, Baboons, Colobus, Macaques

34
Q

Who are the Hominoids?

A

All apes, including humans

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Colobines (3)?

A

1) Special stomachs
2) Leaf-eating
3) Reduced/absent thumbs

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Cercopithecines (2)?

A

1) Cheek pouches
2) Female philopatry and strong FF bonds

37
Q

What are the characteristics of Hominoids (2)?

A

1) Scapula oriented on back of rib cage
2) Broad, shallow rib cage

38
Q

What are some traits of Plesiadapiforms (4)?

A

1) Long fingers
2) Claws
3) Arboreal
4) No postorbital bar/convergent orbits

39
Q

What happened during the Eocene?

A

(56-34 mya) Tropical rainforests spread into higher latitudes

40
Q

When did the Platyrrhines/NWMs emerge?

A

During the Oligocene (35 mya), when land broke off in America and floated across the ocean to Brazil

41
Q

When did the primate order arise?

A

65 mya (or earlier)

42
Q

How many species and subspecies of primates exist?

A

~685

43
Q

Where do primates live?

A

In Africa, Asia, South/Central America (tropical forests)

44
Q

Who was the first scholar to identify humans as primates?

A

Linneaus

45
Q

When did the last common ancestor (LCA) of chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans live?

A

~6-9 mya

46
Q

What were some of the characteristics of the LCA of pan and humans?

A

1) Black-haired
2) Chimp-sized
3) Fruit/leaf eating
4) Knuckle-walking
5) Ape-sized brain

47
Q

Who was Louis Leakey?

A

1960s paleoanthropologist who sent researchers to study primates in the wild (Jane Goodall, Diane Fossey)

48
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Evolutionary process by which a species diversifies to occupy different ecological niches

49
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses on the usefulness of primate traits (primate origin theories)?

A

1) Arboreal hypothesis
2) Visual predation hypothesis
3) Angiosperm coevolution hypothesis

50
Q

Explain the arboreal hypothesis and its criticisms

A

1) Increased visual capacity allows for primates to live in complex, 3D environments
2) Criticisms: other non-primate animals have been very successful in arboreal settings

51
Q

Explain the angiosperm coevolution hypothesis

A

Primate traits are useful for grasping fruits and flowers, which results in seed dispersal

ANTH 311 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions