Chimpanzees and Bonobos

Question 1

What is the scientific name for chimpanzees?

Answer 1

Pan troglodytes

Question 2

What is the scientific name for bonobos?

Answer 2

Pan paniscus

Question 3

Where do gibbons and orangutans originate?

Answer 3

Asia

Question 4

Where do gorillas, pan, and humans originate?

Answer 4

Africa

Question 5

Where are chimpanzees located?

Answer 5

Chimpanzees live in a broad but discontinuous distribution across equatorial Africa

Question 6

Where are bonobos located?

Answer 6

Their habitat is restricted in the Democratic Republic of Congo (south of the Congo river)

Question 7

What is the chimpanzee diet composed of?

Answer 7

Mainly fruit (ripe-fruit specialists) but also eat young leaves, insects, and colobus monkeys

Question 8

What are preferred foods?

Answer 8

High quality foods eaten in proportion to availability

Question 9

What are fallback foods?

Answer 9

Always available but only eaten when preferred foods are scarce

Question 10

What are the preferred foods of chimpanzees?

Answer 10

Non-fig fruits (NFF)

Question 11

What are the fallback foods of chimpanzees?

Answer 11

Fig fruits

Question 12

What does chimpanzee social organization look like?

Answer 12

The community is a fission-fusion system, with some parties big in size and some small - variation due to distribution of fruits through space and time

Question 13

What philopatry are chimpanzees?

Answer 13

Male philopatry

Question 14

How are females distributed in chimpanzee society?

Answer 14

Relatively solitary (due to scarce food sources) and utilize core areas

Question 15

What are core areas?

Answer 15

Smallest area within which an individual spends most of their time

Question 16

Why are core areas used by females?

Answer 16

Beneficial in terms of accessibility to high-quality resources = more energy toward reproduction

Question 17

What is female reproductive success correlated with?

Answer 17

Rank, where higher-ranking females show greater fidelity to core areas (competition for high-quality core areas)

Question 18

What does having better core areas result in?

Answer 18

Shorter IBIs and higher infant survival

Question 19

How are IBIs measured?

Answer 19

Using the age of the daughter’s first swelling where the sooner they are reproductively active = better

Question 20

How are males distributed in chimpanzee societies?

Answer 20

Males encompass core areas of many females, defending both food sources and the females

Question 21

What are the bonds between chimpanzee males like?

Answer 21

1) patrol
2) coalitions (lethal raids)
3) share food
4) groom
5) competition for dominance rank within their groups

Question 22

How do lower-ranking male chimpanzees reproduce?

Answer 22

Through consortship

Question 23

What is the diet of bonobos composed of?

Answer 23

Similar to chimpanzees, but more leaves in comparison

Question 24

What does bonobo social organization look like?

Answer 24

Fission-fusion system that also assemble in parties BUT 2 differences:
1) larger because of more food availability and no gorillas
2) remain relatively stable

Question 25

What does more food for bonobos allow for in terms of relationships?

Answer 25

Females can form more social bonds

Question 26

What philopatry are bonobos?

Answer 26

Male philopatry

Question 27

What is the main difference between chimpanzees and bonobos in terms of societal organization?

Answer 27

Females play a more prominent role and there are female-female bonds

Question 28

How are chimpanzees and bonobos different in terms of female sexual receptivity?

Answer 28

1) Chimps are sexually receptive once every few years - rarity = more male competition
2) Bonobos are sexually receptive during fertile and infertile parts of their cycle = less pressure for male competition

Question 29

What does strong female-female bonds in bonobo society entail?

Answer 29

1) Females form strong coalitions against males
2) Older female bonobos determine group movement

Question 30

How do bonobo mothers help their sons (4)?

Answer 30

1) Bring them close to females in estrus
2) Protect sons’ mating from interference
3) Interfere in mating attempts of other males
4) Form coalitions with sons to establish/maintain high rank

Question 31

How do females compare to males in chimpanzee society?

Answer 31

All females have lower dominance than any male in chimpanzee society

Question 32

Why are chimpanzees better models for the LCA?

Answer 32

Bonobos are more specialized and evolved in a distinct setting

Question 33

How are bonobos more egalitarian than chimpanzees (4)?

Answer 33

1) Males maintain strong bonds with their mothers
2) Communities overlap and aggressive patrolling is rare
3) Females control feeding resources
4) Females exert social dominance over males

Question 34

How do chimpanzees resolve conflict?

Answer 34

Mainly through grooming

Question 35

How do bonobos resolve conflict?

Answer 35

Sex and grooming

Question 36

What is a “Kohler moment”

Answer 36

When chimpanzees are struck with a solution after encountering problems

Question 37

Bonobo Kanzi

Answer 37

learned keyboard-assisted communication

Question 38

Is monkey a monophyletic term?

Answer 38

It is a paraphyletic term because OWMs and NWMs have different recent common ancestors

Question 39

What are differences between chimpanzees and bonobos in terms of aggression, hunting, tool-use, and feeding tolerance?

Answer 39

1) Within-group and between-group aggression is low in bonobos, high and frequent in chimpanzees
2) Hunting is rare in bonobos, common in chimpanzees
3) Tool use is frequent in chimpanzees
4) Feeding tolerance is high in bonobos, low for chimpanzees