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ANTH 311 > Natural and Sexual Selection > Flashcards

Natural and Sexual Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Who contributed to the theory of Natural Selection?

A

Darwin and Wallace

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2
Q

What are the 4 conditions of Natural Selection?

A

1) Variation
2) Competition
3) Inheritance
4) Reproductive

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3
Q

What is Hamilton’s rule?

A

1) Natural selection favours traits that maximize inclusive fitness
2) c < b x r
3) Selection favours altruism when the benefit of the act exceeds the cost of the act

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4
Q

What is typological thinking?

A

The belief that species = essence (made by God)

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5
Q

What are 2 types of non-adaptive traits?

A

1) Mutations
2) Incidental by-product

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6
Q

What is the neutral theory of evolution?

A

Genetic drift - random fluctuations in allele frequencies by:
1) Population bottlenecks
2) Founder effect

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7
Q

What was the study conducted by Dmitry Belyaev?

A

He bred foxes according to their behaviour and found that selecting for tameness resulted in phenotypic changes such as floppy ears, curly tails, and spotted coat patterns

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8
Q

What does pleiotropy mean?

A

One gene affects several phenotypic traits

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9
Q

What are Tinbergen’s 4 questions to understand behaviour?

A

1) Adaptive value (function)
2) Phylogeny
3) Causation (mechanism)
4) Ontogeny (development)

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10
Q

What is behaviour mediated by?

A

Genes, physiology, and development

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11
Q

What are the 2 main reasons animals perform acts of altruism?

A

1) Increase indirect fitness
2) In hopes of reciprocity

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12
Q

What is eusociality?

A

Colonies where there is only a small fraction of animals that reproduce, while the rest provide resources and defend

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13
Q

What is phenotypic gambit?

A

Behavioural evolution can be studied using principles of natural selection (focus on the fitness of phenotypes)

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14
Q

What is an example of a primate that have concealed estrus?

A

The capuchins (other cues may be used such as scent)

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15
Q

What is an example of pre-copulatory intrasexual selection?

A

Fighting for dominance over a harem

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16
Q

What is an example of post-copulatory intrasexual selection?

A

Large testes/Sperm motility

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17
Q

What is an example of pre-copulatory intersexual selection?

A

Mating rituals

18
Q

What is an example of post-copulatory intersexual selection?

A

Female reproductive morphology preventing egg fertilization

19
Q

What is an example of pre-copulatory sexual conflict?

A

Intimidation and sexual harassment

20
Q

What is an example of post-copulatory sexual conflict?

A

Male bed bugs pierce through the bodies of female bed bugs to directly fertilize her eggs

21
Q

What is the Bateman principle?

A

Males benefit more by mating with multiple females than females benefit from mating with multiple males

22
Q

Which sex is the ecological sex and why?

A

Females because their reproduction is primarily limited by their access to food

23
Q

Which sex is the mate-getting sex and why?

A

Males because their reproduction is primarily limited by access to females

24
Q

Which sex tends to be the larger sex in primates and why?

A

Males are normally bigger because
they
1) are better fighters
2 ) are favoured if many females are available
3) monopolize females better
4) have more offspring

25
Q

What was the major flaw in observing the social organization of primates to predict sexual dimorphism?

A

Polygynous species still have lots of variation in levels of dimorphism

26
Q

How do we refine the prediction of sexual dimorphism?

A

By using the operational sex ratio (OSR) = #sexually active M/#sexually receptive F

27
Q

Why is the OSR better than using a general sex ratio?

A

Usually most females are lactating mothers and therefore not sexually active/not competed over by males

28
Q

Which species has females that are sexually active even when they are lactating?

A

Bonobos

29
Q

What is the pattern we see between competition for female mates and male body size?

A

More competing males per sexually active females = larger relative males

30
Q

Is variance in lifetime reproductive success (LRS) the same in the sexes?

A

No. LRS variation is often higher for males than females (higher reproductive variance = stronger sexual selection)

31
Q

What is scramble competition?

A

Inability to monopolize women, therefore RS for males depend on efficiency in sperm competition

32
Q

What is the 4-step mammalian socioecological model?

A

1) Predation + food competition > FF
2) Competition for mates > MM
3) Infanticide, herding, harassment > male coercion for mates
4) Female choice, female alliances, pair-bonding > female counterstrategies

33
Q

Do all males exhibit infanticide tendencies?

A

No.
1) Males who are possible fathers tend to be caring and brave
2) Adult males can adopt infants
3) Usually only seen with “definite non-offspring”

34
Q

Which group of males is always dangerous?

A

Immigrant males, and infants only survive because mothers are permanently on guard

35
Q

What is the evolutionary benefit of infanticide?

A

Encourages the female to mate with aggressor or less likely to mate with other males

36
Q

What is the evidence for the Bruce effect?

A

1) Pregnancy hormones deplete (measured in their poop)
2) After a new male takes over a harem, less births occur compared to when there are no new males

37
Q

What is the evolutionary benefit of the Bruce effect?

A

Keeps inter-birth intervals (IBI) lower than it would be if the infant was born and later lost

38
Q

Who provided a functional explanation of infanticide?

A

Sarah Hrdy

39
Q

Why was infanticide a challenging concept?

A

1) There was a social-science concept of primate group solidarity
2) There was a group-selection view of behaviour as good for the group

40
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of female choice?

A

1) Good genes
2) Fisherian arbitrary choice

41
Q

What is Fisherian arbitrary choice?

A

Female preference can evolve for arbitrary traits, and therefore the fitness advantage of the trait only exists as a result of its covariance with the preference

42
Q

How does parental contributions impact variance in RS?

A

1) If females provide more parental care than males, then they will become less available to males after birth, intensifying competition between males
2) If both parents are involved, less variance in male RS because less energy is used to pursue additional mating opportunities

ANTH 311 (17 decks)

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