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BDS2 - PMHP > primary tooth morphology and chronology of tooth eruption > Flashcards

primary tooth morphology and chronology of tooth eruption Flashcards

1
Q

what are some early problems before the teeth erupt

A
  • gingival cysts
  • congenital epulis
  • natal or neonatal tooth
  • eruption cysts
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2
Q

what is a gingival cyst

A
  • white mark/lump

- type depends on location = Epstein Pearls, or Bohns nodules

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3
Q

what is a congenital epulis

A
  • can cause problems with feeding
  • can shrink as child grows, may need removed
  • not going to spread
  • looks like a big balloon shape attached to gingiva
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4
Q

what is a natal or neonatal tooth

A
  • natal = there when born
  • neonatal = erupts few days after birth
  • usually primary lower incisors
  • don’t have a lot of root so may be mobile = may need removed for safety
  • can interfere with breastfeeding
  • can look hyperplastic as mineralisation not started yet
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5
Q

what are eruption cysts

A
  • blue as blood from eruption of tooth goes into follicle spaces
  • don’t need to do anything
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6
Q

what is the tooth notation for primary teeth

A
  • quadrants 1,2,3,4 are instead called 5,6,7,8 respectively
  • teeth present are 1-5 or can be A,B,C,D,E
  • so tooth 55 is the same as upper right E
  • never use numbers are letters together
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7
Q

when do teeth start to form

A

week 5 intra-uterine life (IUL)

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8
Q

when does hard tissue formation of teeth start

A

week 13 IUL and can be detected on subsequent ultrasound scans

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9
Q

at what week scan can you see tooth germs

A

20 week scan

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10
Q

what are the dates for maxillary central incisor

A
  • start calcification 13-16 weeks
  • crown complete 1.5 months after birth
  • eruption at 8-12 months after birth
  • root complete at 33 months
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11
Q

what are the dates for a maxillary second primary molar

A
  • hard tissue formation 16-23 weeks IUL
  • crown formation complete at 11 months after birth
  • eruption between 25-33 months
  • complete foot formation at 47 months
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12
Q

what are some problems of calcification

A
  • systemic disturbances during calcification can lead to defects in the enamel which was formed at that time
  • defects in primary dentition (which are not hereditary) are most likely the result pf a difficult pregnancy for the mother or complications at birth
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13
Q

what are the levels fo calcification of crowns at birth

A
  • 1/2 of central incisors
  • 1/3 of lateral incisors
  • tip of primary canines
  • 1/2 of 1st primary molars
  • 1/3 of 2nd primary molars
  • tip of cusps of 1st permanent molars
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14
Q

is the exact eruption process known

A

no

  • there are multiple theories but don’t know exact process
  • likely to be multifactorial
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15
Q

what must happen for tooth eruption

A
  • a force must be generated to propel the tooth through bone an gingival tissue
  • in permanent dentition, the primary tooth must also be removed in some cases
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16
Q

when does a tooth stop erupting

A
  • when it hits something

- keeps going throughout life but don’t know as you wear down your tooth

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17
Q

what are the theories of eruption

A
  • cellular proliferation at apex of the tooth
  • localised change in blood pressure/hydrostatic pressure
  • metabolic activity within PDL
  • resorption of overlying hard tissue
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18
Q

how does resorption of overlying hard tissue occur

A
  • occurs due to enzymes in dental follicle
  • dental follicle is best seen. on radiograph as a dark halo around the unerupted tooth
  • remodelling of bone or primary tooth tissue is essential to process of tooth eruption
  • animal models have shown that resorption is not necessary for eruption though however
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19
Q

what role does dental follicle play in eruption

A
  • shown to play essential role
  • is activated to initiate osteoclastic activity in the alveolar bone ahead of the tooth and clear a path for tooth eruption
  • once crystal bone has been breached, the follicle is likely to play a lesser role
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20
Q

how does the tooth push into the mouth

A
  • root elongation, PDL, local changes in vascular pressure are major factors
  • although bone growth at base of the crypt is essential for eruption, it is possible that this is simply reactive to tooth movement
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21
Q

how does eruption occur

A
  • happens gradually
  • stops when tooth come into contact with something else (opposing tooth)
  • continues throughout life to compensate for vertical growth of the jaws and toot wear
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22
Q

what are the ages of eruption for primary teeth

A
  • upper central = 7 months
  • upper lateral = 9 months
  • upper canine = 18 months
  • upper 1st primary molar = 14 months
  • upper 2nd primary molar = 24 months
  • lower central = 6 months
  • lower lateral = 7 months
  • lower canine = 16 months
  • lower 1st primary molar = 12 months
  • lower 2nd primary molar = 20 months
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23
Q

what is the order of eruption

A
  • as a general rule the lower teeth erupt before uppers with exception of lateral incisors
  • sequence tends to be central incisor, lateral incisor, 1st primary molar, canine then 2nd primary molar
  • ABDCE or 12435
24
Q

what is normally the first tooth to erupt

A

lower central at 4-6 months

- in FDI it is 71 or 81

25
Q

what is the second tooth to erupt after centrals

A
  • lateral incisors at 7-16 months

- 52, 62, 72 ,82

26
Q

what is the tooth to erupt after the lateral incisors

A
  • 1st molars at 13-19 months

- 54,64,74,84

27
Q

what is the tooth to erupt after the 1st primary molar

A
  • canine at 16-22 months

- 52,63,73,83

28
Q

what tooth erupts last

A
  • 2nd primary molar at 15-33 months

- 55, 65, 75 ,85

29
Q

when do teeth usually erupt compared to their contralateral tooth

A

within 3 month

30
Q

when is primary dentition normally complete by

A

2 1/3 - 3 years

31
Q

which dentition is more predictable

A

permanent dentition

32
Q

what are some differences between primary and permanent tooth crown

A
  • primary incisors are smaller in both crown and root
  • primary molars are wider mesiodistally than permanent premolars
  • primary molar crowns more bulbous
  • primary teeth usually more whiter (enamel is different)
33
Q

what is the morphology of the 1st primary molar

A
  • has prominent mesiobuccal tubercle (replacing premolars do not)
34
Q

what is the morphology of the upper 2nd primary molar

A
  • has a transverse ridge diving the occlusal surface

- runs from disco-buccal cusp to messy-lingual

35
Q

what is the morphology of the lower 2nd primary molar

A
  • has 3 buccal cusps (like permanent first molar)
36
Q

what are the differences between primary and permanent roots

A
  • primary tend to have narrower roots
  • primary are longer and more slender in primary molars compared to permanent and tend to flare apically to allow room for tooth crowns of permanent underneath
  • root canals in primary tend to me more flat and thin with accessory canals
37
Q

why can’t primary teeth root canals not be cleaned well

A
  • due to multiple accessory canals and because they are so flat and thin
  • clinically impossible to clean completely
38
Q

what are differences between primary and permanent pulps

A
  • pulp chambers in primary teeth are relatively large compared to crowns surrounding them
  • pulp horns of primary extend high occlusal, placing them closer to the enamel (pulpal exposure more likely in primary teeth when doing cavity prep)
39
Q

what are the differences between primary and permanent hard tissue

A
  • in primary thickness of coronal dentine is much thinner than permanent
  • enamel of primary teeth is relatively thin and has a consistent depth
40
Q

what are differences in occlusion between primary and permanent teeth

A
  • some anterior spacing in primary is good as means less chance of crowding in permanent
  • when face grows wit permanent dentition it affects occlusion (downward and forward growth of the facial portion of the skull
41
Q

what is anthropoid or primate spacing

A
  • spacing mesial to upper deciduous canine

- spacing distal to lower deciduous canine

42
Q

what is the leeway space

A
  • extra messy-distal space occupied by the primary molars which are wider than the premolars replacing them
  • usually equates to 1.5mm per side on upper arch and 2.5mm per side I the lower arch
43
Q

when does mixed dentition stage begin and end

A

from the time the 1st permanent tooth erupts, until the exfoliation of the last primary tooth

44
Q

what age is mixed dentition usually

A

between 6 and 11 years but it can vary

- about 5 years

45
Q

when is 1st permanent molar usually erupted

A

at age 6

46
Q

at what age is the permanent canine usually erupted

A

age 11, although uppers may not be until 12/13

47
Q

what is the eruption sequence of the permanent dentition typically

A

upper arch = 6, 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 7, 8 (1st permanent molar first then front to back except canine)
lower arch = 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 (1st permanent molar then front to back)

48
Q

what is a general rule about eruption of permanent teeth

A

lower teeth tend to erupt before upper teeth with exception of second premolars

49
Q

what are the eruption dates

A 
upper = 1 age 7, 2 age 8, 3 age 11, 4 age 10, 5 age 10, 6 age 6, 7 age 12
lower = 1 age 6, 2 age 7, 3 age 9, 4 age 10, 5 age 10, 6 age 6, 7 age 12
50
Q

what can crowding lead to in the upper arch

A

exclusion of the upper canine

51
Q

what can crowding in the lower arch lead to

A

lack of space for second premolar

52
Q

what leads to an increase in AP arch length

A
  • deciduous teeth incisors having upright stance and replacing permanent incisors having a more proclaimed stance
53
Q

what is the eruption path of incisors

A
  • permanent incisors develop palatal to primary incisors
54
Q

what is often termed the ‘ugly duckling phase’

A

transient spacing of the upper 1’s may occur due to the close proximity of their roots to the erupting 2’s and 3’s

55
Q

when does the root form

A

from date of eruption it takes around 3 years for the permanent root to complete to complete apexogenesis
- whereas in primary it only takes 1.5 years on average

56
Q

does arch length increase a lot from primary to permanent dentition

A

yes - arch length increases a huge amount from primary to permanent dentition

BDS2 - PMHP (11 decks)

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