Primary Tissues

Question 1

What is an originator cell?

Answer 1

Stem cell

Question 2

Name the two types of stem cells

Answer 2

Embryonic (pluripotent)

Tissue (tissue specific)

Question 3

Name the 4 basic tissue types

Answer 3

Epithelia, muscle, connective tissue and neural tissue

Question 4

Describe the key characteristic of a neuron cell

Answer 4

They are separate cells able to communicate by releasing chemicals by secretion at the ends of cells

Question 5

Where does secretion of a neuron occur?

Answer 5

At the end of an axon into synapses. This can occur at a neuromuscular junction but also neuron to neuron

Question 6

What is myelination and what does it do?

Answer 6

The process of coating an axon with a fatty coating called myelin. it protects the neuron and helps conduct signals more efficiently

Question 7

What does the node of ranveir do?

Answer 7

Increases the velocity of action potentials

Question 8

What creates myelin in the PNS

Answer 8

Schwann cells

Question 9

What creates myelin in CNS

Answer 9

Oligodendocytes

Question 10

What are the Glial cells of the CNS?

Answer 10

These are cells that support neuron and the different types for the CNS include;
Olgiodendrocytes, astrocytes (metabolic and mechanical support), microglia (use phagocytosis and antigen presentation) , ependyma (lines CNS cavities)

Question 11

What are the glial cells of the PNS

Answer 11

Schwann cells (myelination)
Satellite cells (support in ganglia)

Question 12

What are the three muscle cell types and describe them?

Answer 12

skeletal muscles - This appears striated and has coordinated contraction under voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle - Striated and coordinated contraction and an involuntary control of blood pump
Smooth muscle - Non-striated and has involuntary control (responsible for peristalsis)

Question 13

What are the different types of connective tissues

Answer 13

Fibrocollagenous,
Cartilage, bone and teeth,
Blood and adipose tissue (white fat)

Question 14

Major feature of connective tissue?

Answer 14

Extracellular tissue which is composed of fibrous proteins, structural carbs and proteins and mineral deposits.

Question 15

Cells of fibrocollagenous tissue are?

Answer 15

fibroblasts, mast cells (synthezises histamine and other mediators for inflammation), Macrophages (phagocytose foreign bodies and present antigens to stimulate immune cells) Plasma cells (synthesise mature B cells) and stem cells

Question 16

Three types of cartilage?

Answer 16

Hyaline (impact resistance and durable), elastic (flexible) and fibrocartilage (strong)

Question 17

Two types of bone?

Answer 17

Trabecular/cancellous and cortical

Question 18

Extra cellular matrix of bone?

Answer 18

Collagen fibres mineralised by hydroxyapitite

Question 19

Two types of adipose tissue?

Answer 19

White fat (stores energy, insulates and protects) and brown fat (produces heat)

Question 20

What are white fat cells called and what do they form from and describe the structure?

Answer 20

Adipocytes, derived from fibroblasts. A single droplet of fat will occupy the most of the cell, the nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery of the cell

Question 21

What does white fat do?

Answer 21

Produces adipokines which sends signals to regulate nutritional balance and other systems

Question 22

What signal is sent to the brain telling it that you’ve had enough to eat?

Answer 22

Leptin

Question 23

How does brown fat produce heat?

Answer 23

Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.