Joints and muscle

Question 1

Name the three types of joints which are classified by movement

Answer 1

Synarthroses - no movement
Amphiarthroses - some movement
Diarthroses - free movement.

Question 2

Name the three types of joints by tissue structure

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Question 3

Name the three types of fibrous joints and an example

Answer 3

Sutures - joints between skull vault bones
Syndesmosis - fibrous membrane between bones, e.g. radioulnar interosseous membrane
Gomphosis - teeth in jaw.

Question 4

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints and some examples

Answer 4

Primary (synchondrosis) - first costosternal joint and unfused epiphyseal plates
Secondary (symphysis) - Joints of the sternum, invertebrate discs and pubic symphysis.

Question 5

Name some examples of synovial joints

Answer 5

Ball and socket joints and hinge joints

Question 6

Define the terms ligament and tendon and explain their functions

Answer 6

Ligament - Fibrous capsule that has thickens along lines of stress. These attach bone to bone.
Tendon - Strong fibrous collagen chord that attaches muscles to bones.

Question 7

List the 6 major features of a synovial joint

Answer 7

1. Ligaments - Fibrous capsule that has thickened along lines of stress, it restricts the movement of joints, therefore preventing damage
2. Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage that allows for friction free movement but has a poor blood supply.
3. Synovial membrane - Collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
4. Intra-articular discs - made of fibro-cartilage and found in areas with rotary movement (knee).
5. Bursae - fluid filled sacs, lined by synovial membrane. Found in areas of friction, e.g. bone and skin or bone and tendons.
6. Synovial sheaths - specialised elongated bursae, surround tendons that are exposed to pressure (hands and feet)

Question 8

Describe some of the features of synovial fluid?

Answer 8

Consists of - hyaluronic acid, lubricin and phagocytes.
Reduces friction between articular cartilage and provides it with nutrients, oxygen and removes waste.
It is a thixotropic fluid so its viscosity reduces with movement. It is better able to lubricate joints when less viscous hense why exercise is good for your joints.

Question 9

List the factors that influence the stability of a joint

Answer 9

Muscle tone, strength and position of ligaments and bone shape

Question 10

Explain what is meant by the terms superficial and deep fascia

Answer 10

Deep fascia divides limbs into compartments. Superficial fascia is also know as subcutaneous fat.

Question 11

Explain what is meant by anatagonistic muscle action

Answer 11

It opposes the movement of the primary mover. It helps stabilise movement

Question 12

What is a synergist?

Answer 12

Muscles in a functional group that aren’t the primary mover or antagonist.

Question 13

Describe the basic structure of a muscle?

Answer 13

Muscle fibres are separated by endomysium. Muscle fibre bundles/fasciculi are separated by perimysium. The sheath coating the muscle is called epimysium

Question 14

Name and describe the two types of arthritis

Answer 14

Osteoarthritis - degenerative disease effecting articular cartilage in weight bearing joints
Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune disease where the changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage